Cyclic oligonucleotide–based antiphage signaling systems (CBASS) are bacterial immune pathways evolutionarily related to cGAS-STING (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes) in humans. ...

Emerging infectious disease outbreak risks are ubiquitous worldwide, and highest in landscapes where people, livestock and fragmented natural ecosystems coexist, but detection and data ...

During replisome assembly of monkeypox virus, the hexameric helicase–primase E5 undergoes large-scale conformational changes that allow two of its primase domains to interact with the polymerase F8 th...

Viruses are ubiquitous mobile genetic elements that are obligate symbionts of cellular life forms and replicate exclusively within host cells. The ...

A genomic screen reveals homologues of ESCRT components in mirusviruses that infect unicellular aquatic eukaryotes.

The Review describes shared ancient, conserved mechanisms between human antiviral immunity and bacterial anti-phage systems, outlining universal principles of pathogen sensing, signalling and effector...

Innate immune recognition of bacteria is thought to center on cell-surface or endosomal pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs. Ragland et al. identify an intraphagosomal cyclic dinucleotide (CDN)...

The long-living rodent naked mole-rat has a distinct break in its 28S ribosomal RNA. Here, the authors present cryo-EM structures showing this cleavage is stabilized by surrounding ribosomal proteins,...

The eORFeome, a large-scale collection of open reading frames encoding viral proteins and secreted bacterial and parasite effectors, enables functional genomics across diverse pathways and pathogens. ...

Saleem et al. introduce multi-site DMS-MaP (msDMS-MaP), a chemical probing strategy that permits simultaneous mapping of RNA secondary structures and typically concealed tertiary structures and protein binding sites. msDMS-MaP broadly enables improved functional motif discovery and provides insights into ribosome assembly and the structure of the 7SK RNA.

Viral pathogenesis is a complex process involving both the virus and the host. Tissue damage caused during viral infection can result from the virus and/or the host immune response. A prerequisite for...

Retroviruses commonly cause neoplasia in many species but have not been described in guinea pigs. While historical evidence exists for the presence of an active retrovirus in domestic guinea pigs ( Cavia porcella), there has been no description of the sequence of these viruses or their role in disease in guinea pigs. This paper uses genome mining of the published domestic and wild ( Cavia aperea) guinea pig genomes for retroviral sequences to identify the gamma and beta-retroviral complement of the Cavia genome, describing eight groups of viruses with evidence of recombination between virus groups. The most intact group, gamma-like retroviruses related to HERV-T (integration estimates of 855,000 to 3.8 million years ago), has five near full length loci that are likely capable of active infection. RNA-Scope In-situ Hybridisation of archived formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) guinea pig lymphoma sections with a probe for one of these loci demonstrated viral RNA expression in lymphoma tissue, strengthening the case for a role of these viruses in the high incidence of leukaemia and lymphoma in this species. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. University of Nottingham, https://ror.org/01ee9ar58

Cryo-EM structures of HSV-1 helicase-primase and replication fork complexes reveal mechanisms of drug inhibition, features that explain drug selectivity, and the molecular basis of replication fork complex assembly during herpesvirus DNA replication.

Li and Joshi et al. describe a molecular model by which RNA is stably presented on the surface of living cells. By forming complexes with RNA-binding proteins and heparan sulfate, cell-surface RNA can recruit immune receptors. Our findings lay the groundwork for investigating how cell-surface RNA contributes to immune modulation.

The authors find that O-GalNAc transferase 2 (GALNT2) restricts viral infection, probably through the regulation of the proteolytic processing of viral glycoproteins via its O-linked glycosylation act...

Background The evolutionary history of retroviruses and their impact on vertebrate evolution remains poorly understood, particularly in non-mammalian hosts. In this study, we explore retroviruses asso...

The Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) is an ancient, conserved chromatin-interacting complex that controls gene expression, facilitating differentiation and cellular identity during development. It...

Defense-associated reverse transcriptases (DRTs) employ diverse and distinctive mechanisms of cDNA synthesis to protect bacteria against viral infection. However, much of DRT family diversity remains ...

Characterization of dipeptidase 1 as a receptor for porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus reveals the versatility of embecovirus receptor binding domains and receptor usage.

Large-scale longitudinal health records reveal consistent association of varicella-zoster virus reactivation with dementia.

This structure of an archaeal tailed virus (arTV) provides detailed insights into arTV assembly and infection mechanisms.

Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi discovered cells that protect the body from autoimmune diseases.

In contrast to living organisms, viruses were long thought to lack protein synthesis machinery and instead depend on host factors to translate viral transcripts. Here, we discover that giant DNA virus...

Most alphaviruses encode an in-frame opal stop codon between nsP3 and nsP4 in their nsP ORF. This opal stop codon mediates a temperature-dependent balance between viral polymerase production and prote...

imageimageViro3D provides proteome-level, high confidence AI-protein structure predictions for >4,400 viruses, allowing mapping of form and function across the human and animal virosphere. Viro3D i...

Merbecoviruses, closely related to the highly pathogenetic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), circulate in hedgehogs throughout Europe and Asia, raising concerns about zoonotic t...

Bacterial defense systems present considerable barriers to both phage infection and plasmid transformation. These systems target mobile genetic elements, limiting the efficacy of bacteriophage-based t...