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Tommi Mäklin

@themaklin.bsky.social
1.4K followers 405 following 117 posts

I do statistics, bacterial (meta)genomics and bioinformatics software development.

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Tommi Mäklin @themaklin.bsky.social · 14/09/2026
I've been working on processing pseudoalignments from different tools to make downstream methods agnostic to the pseudoaligner choice, give it a try if you use themisto / fulgor / etc: docs.rs/ahda Also provides compression, conversion, and set operations.
docs.rs
ahda - Rust
ahda is a library and a command-line client for:
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Gerry Tonkin-Hill @gerrythill.bsky.social · 30/06/2026
Happy to share the latest work from Zunair Khurram, a PhD student in our lab! Zunair has developed a new method, MxSure, to infer within-host substitution rates and transmission thresholds from longitudinal isolate and metagenomic sequencing data. www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
biorxiv.org
MxSure: a mixture model for inferring within-host substitution rates and transmission SNP thresholds
Quantifying short-term evolutionary rates of microbial genomes is essential for understanding the processes that shape within-host evolution and for establishing thresholds needed to track transmissio...
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Reposted by Tommi Mäklin
Johanna von Wachsmann @johannavw.bsky.social · 16/06/2026
🧬 New preprint! We clustered 5.6 million bacterial genomes into genomically cohesive units (GCUs) 500× faster than existing tools. (In just 14 hours, 16.5 GB RAM using 48 CPUs). 🦠🐙Meet gemsparcl 💎✨! www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
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Paul Medvedev @pashadag.bsky.social · 05/05/2026
This is now published in Genome Research (doi.org/10.1101/gr.2...). Thank you everyone for your feedback and also the anonymous reviewers who helped to greatly improve the paper. I hope this becomes a useful resource for the community.
doi.org
Hash functions in nucleotide sequence analysis
Randomness is a powerful tool in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures for nucleotide sequence data. Nucleotide sequences are not themselves random but are often randomized using hash functions. Despite their widespread use in genomics, there is no comprehensive review of the types of hash functions used and their various applications. In this survey intended for bioinformatic methods developers, we divide hash functions into four categories: scattering hash functions, permutations, minimum perfect hash functions, and locality-sensitive hash functions. For each category, we provide examples of both general-use hash functions that have been applied in nucleotide sequence analysis and hash functions that have been designed specifically for nucleotide sequence analysis. We highlight their salient properties, commonalities, differences, and application areas.
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Rob Edwards @linsalrob.bsky.social · 05/04/2026
Want to annotate a bacterial genome with structures? @oschwengers.bsky.social bakta and @gbouras13.bsky.social phold got together, and the result is Baktfold: protein annotation across the microbial tree of life using structures www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6... #phagesky #microsky #microbiomesky
biorxiv.org
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Tommi Mäklin @themaklin.bsky.social · 31/03/2026
someone registered a codeberg account just to make a pull request updating a dependency in a side project that I haven't worked on in nearly a year and nobody uses. respect.
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Melissa Barber @mbarber.bsky.social · 30/03/2026
Today, MSF is going public with something we've been fighting behind closed doors for months: Gilead will not sell us their new HIV drug, lenacapavir. The sticking point isn't even price, they just refuse to sell. Open letter linked + explainer 🧵1/ www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/gilea...
doctorswithoutborders.org
Gilead refuses to sell groundbreaking HIV prevention drug to MSF
Blocking humanitarian organizations from accessing a medical breakthrough puts vulnerable people across the world in danger.
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Igor Martayan @imartayan.bsky.social · 30/03/2026
A quick rant on people vibe-translating our Rust libraries to other languages That's the second time in a week that I see new bioinformatics tools with a vibe-coded translation of our Rust libraries to C/C++. I have two major issues with that:
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Rebecca A. Gladstone @becctococcus.bsky.social · 25/03/2026
We created a database compatible with Kaptive3 of 90 distinct capsule (K) loci; 66% represented novel K-loci that did not correspond to the known phenotypic K-antigens. Give it a whirl, and get in touch to have novel K-loci added to the DB github.com/rgladstone/E...
github.com
EC-K-typing/phandango at main · rgladstone/EC-K-typing
E. coli K-antigen group 2 and group 3 typing database - rgladstone/EC-K-typing
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Rebecca A. Gladstone @becctococcus.bsky.social · 25/03/2026
Now published! 'Identification of transporter-dependent capsular loci associated with the invasive potential of Escherichia coli' www.nature.com/articles/s41... insights below.....
nature.com
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Alan McNally @alanmcn1.bsky.social · 19/03/2026
Am stoked and thrilled that our latest paper is now out. A longitudinal study of invasive E. coli from children in the Netherlands over 50 years www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
sciencedirect.com
Lineage dynamics of invasive Escherichia coli isolates in the Netherlands from 1975 to 2021: a retrospective longitudinal genomic analysis
Escherichia coli is a common cause of invasive infections such as bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid infections in neonates. Strains positive for the…
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Tommi Mäklin @themaklin.bsky.social · 10/02/2026
wow this really looks like a mountain of LLM generated reviews and/or proposals
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Tommi Mäklin @themaklin.bsky.social · 09/02/2026
maybe phd programs should skip the research training part and train people to write applications, instead, since that's all you'll have time to do anyway
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Alessandro Gozzi @gozziale.bsky.social · 09/02/2026
With a +64% increase in MSCA 2025 scholarship applications, funding cut-offs reached absurd levels. (e.g. a score of 96/100 remained unfunded, got news today from a candidate I sponsored). When rating is this compressed, a lottery among top-rated proposals deserves serious consideration I think.
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Sam Horsfield @samuelhorsfield.bsky.social · 07/02/2026
At long last, my final PhD chapter is out: we developed a novel evolutionary simulator of bacterial pangenomes, Pansim, fitting it to data from >600K genomes using a likelihood-free framework, PopPUNK-mod, to explore neutral and adaptive pangenome dynamics www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
biorxiv.org
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naturepoker @binomicalabs.org · 26/01/2026
Bioinformatics orphanage - repository of bioinformatics packages that are no longer maintained upstream but still have users, or is a dependency for other more frequently used packages. I think this is a fun idea, and potentially an important one for the future...💻🧬 github.com/bioinformati...
github.com
Bioinformatics Orphanage
A place for bioinformatics software that has been abandoned - Bioinformatics Orphanage
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Rob Patro @robp.bsky.social · 22/01/2026
Very excited about this latest work led by @jermp.bsky.social! Since it's initial release, SSHash has served as the basis for several other tools (Fulgor, piscem, etc.). It was already very fast. It is now *substantially* faster! www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
biorxiv.org
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Rebecca A. Gladstone @becctococcus.bsky.social · 20/01/2026
"Machine learning-based lineage prediction from antimicrobial susceptibility testing phenotypes for Escherichia coli sequence type 131 clade C surveillance across infection types" Spoiler: the MDR ST131-C is pervasive in UTIs, underlying BSI trends. doi.org/10.1099/mgen... @microbiologysociety.org
doi.org
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ASM @asm.org · 07/01/2026
How does E. coli age? According to this #mBio study, the the decisive factor driving growth decline in E. coli is not the presence of protein aggregates, but the fraction of the intracellular space they occupy. Learn more: asm.social/2KZ
Fluorescence increases over time in mother cells due to aggregates.
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Olaya Rendueles @olayarendueles.bsky.social · 06/01/2026
📣 preprint alert! We sampled #klebsiella isolates from💩 patients when they entered the hospital & 🩸 after development of infection. 🎯 We tracked phenotypic changes & correlate them w genotypic changes. @klebclub.bsky.social -in collab with Clermont-Ferrand lab #microsky 🧵 doi.org/10.64898/202...
doi.org
Within-host evolution of Klebsiella spp. from intestinal carriage to bacteremia
Gut colonization by the Gram-negative bacillus Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant risk factor for extra-intestinal infections. However, the mechanisms by which this opportunistic pathogen causes d...
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Cameron Thrash @jcamthrash.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
The changing roles of Escherichia coli www.nature.com/articles/s41... #jcampubs
nature.com
The changing roles of Escherichia coli - Nature Microbiology
Richard Lenski traces the legacy of Escherichia coli and how science is evolving to use this model organism in new ways.
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Zamin Iqbal @zaminiqbal.bsky.social · 20/12/2025
"..based on a common wavefront design that can be adapted to support a variety of dynamic programming algorithms: local, global, and semi-global alignment of genomic and protein sequences with a variety of commonly used scoring schemes" from @martinsteinegger.bsky.social andco
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Onisillos @onisillos.bsky.social · 19/12/2025
"Ethical standards do not become optional because the participants are African." bktitanji.substack.com/p/how-unethi...
bktitanji.substack.com
How Unethical Research Seeds Medical Mistrust
The absence of equipoise can turn research into harm
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Antoine Limasset @npmalfoy.bsky.social · 15/12/2025
Preprint Alert! With @tmthrz.bsky.social and @rayanchikhi.bsky.social we aim to tackle practical unitigs compression! A thread:
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Ragnar {Groot Koerkamp} @curiouscoding.nl · 10/12/2025
If you ever need to fuzzy search some DNA, sassy is your tool. Please spread the word; I think many people just outside my own circle could benefit from this :) cc @rickbitloo.bsky.social github.com/RagnarGrootK...
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bioRxiv Evolutionary Biology @biorxiv-evobio.bsky.social · 10/12/2025
Mapping the evolutionary path towards multi-drug resistance in the pandemic Escherichia coli ST131 lineage www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/20…
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Arwyn Edwards @arwynedwards.bsky.social · 08/12/2025
Lovely to feature alongside the brilliant Birgit Sattler & Tom Battin in this story about life in Earth's dying ice. www.the-scientist.com/the-ice-is-a...
the-scientist.com
The Ice is Alive: Uncovering the Vanishing World of Glacial Microbes
Glaciers are flush with microbial life. But, as climate change speeds glacial melting, scientists rush to establish microbial biobanks to preserve them.
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Sara Mitri @saramitri.bsky.social · 03/12/2025
Amazing dataset describing the metabolic profiles of 66 E. coli transporter knockouts by @sulheim.bsky.social with Peter Doubleday and @nzamboni.bsky.social. The tool, set up by @lambdapp.bsky.social and Eric Ulrich allows you to explore for yourself. Enjoy! Pre-print here: doi.org/10.1101/2025...
doi.org
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Frances Yap @ribo1214.bsky.social · 04/12/2025
Colibactin-DNA interstrand crosslinks structure reveals DNA-damaging acitivity of colibactin that is linked to colorectal cancer #MicroSky www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
science.org
The specificity and structure of DNA cross-linking by the gut bacterial genotoxin colibactin
Accumulating evidence has connected the chemically unstable, DNA-damaging gut bacterial natural product colibactin to colorectal cancer, including the identification of mutational signatures that are ...
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Karel Břinda @brinda.eu · 05/12/2025
1/9 Just out: k-mer indexes are the backbone of fast search in genomic data, but many degrade under small k, subsampling, or high diversity. With Ondřej Sladký and @pavelvesely.bsky.social we asked: can we build one that works efficiently for any k-mer set?
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Roland Faure @rfaure.bsky.social · 04/12/2025
Preprint out! Check out our new long-read metagenomic SNP-caller, SNooPy 😀. Work with Chris Quince. Thread 🧵 👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
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Aude Bernheim @audeber.bsky.social · 27/11/2025
🧬🛡️How are new immune mechanisms created? We show how Lamassu antiphage system, originated from a DNA-repair complex and evolved into a compact and modular immune machine, wt Dinshaw Patel lab in @pnas.org. 👏 @matthieu-haudiquet.bsky.social, Arpita Chakravarti & all authors! doi.org/10.1073/pnas...
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bioRxiv Bioinfo @biorxiv-bioinfo.bsky.social · 26/11/2025
Optimized k-mer search across millions of bacterial genomes on laptops www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202…
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Eva Heinz @evaheinz7.bsky.social · 24/11/2025
If you're about to push these last manuscripts before wrapping up 2025, remider that our MGen Eukaryotic collection @microbiologysociety.org is open & growing; #Protists #Parasites #Fungi; friend or foe; all welcome 😊 #MicroSky #IDSky #Protistsonsky 🧬💻 www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/micr...
microbiologyresearch.org
Microbial Genomics of Eukaryotes | Microbiology Society
With technological advances like single-cell sequencing and long-read sequence techniques continually improving, allowing the full resolution of increasingly complex highly repetitive genomes, and wit...
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Josie Bryant @josiebryant.bsky.social · 25/11/2025
Really pleased to share the first paper to come out of the lab. We found that hospital patients were frequently colonised with P. aeruginosa and that the same clone was shared between the gut and the lung. The phylogenies indicate that the clones moved from lung->gut www.nature.com/articles/s41...
nature.com
High frequency body site translocation of nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Nature Communications
Here, the authors report within-host diversity and body site translocation dynamics in hospital samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and reveal that body site sharing was likely due to within-patient tra...
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Emmanuele Severi @emmseveri.bsky.social · 23/11/2025
#microsky #phagesky #phage Anyone who’s tried deleting prophages in the lab by HR knows the difficulties of the task. Here we have an example of how HR-mediated natural transformation might hit the same hurdle in a more native context. academic.oup.com/mbe/article/...
academic.oup.com
Chromosomal Curing Drives an Arms Race Between Bacterial Transformation and Prophage
Abstract. Transformation occurs when bacteria import exogenous DNA via the competence machinery and integrate it into their genome through homologous recom
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Michael Baym @baym.lol · 20/11/2025
Hot off the press! Our latest paper led by @fernpizza.bsky.social, understanding how plasmids evolve inside cells. These small, self-replicating DNA circles live inside bacteria and carry antibiotic resistance genes, but also compete with one another to replicate. 1/ www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
science.org
Intracellular competition shapes plasmid population dynamics
From populations of multicellular organisms to selfish genetic elements, conflicts between levels of biological organization are central to evolution. Plasmids are extrachromosomal, self-replicating g...
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Ellinor Alseth @ellinoralseth.bsky.social · 19/11/2025
Very happy to see this piece out in @plosbiology.org, on the bacterial immune systems and microbial communities. It was a great team effort with Rafael Custodio, @brockhurstlab.bsky.social , @brownlab.bsky.social, and Edze Westra! 🦠🧫 #phagesky #mevosky journals.plos.org/plosbiology/...
journals.plos.org
Bacterial immune systems as causes and consequences of microbiome structure
Bacterial immune systems have evolved in response to diverse molecular "parasites", yet their ecological roles remain poorly understood. This Essay explores how interactions between mobile genetic ele...
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John Lees @johnlees.bacpop.org · 19/11/2025
Happy to share our new AMR resource which has phenotypic AMR (usually MIC data) collected from publications and databases. This is paired with assemblies and annotations We're excited for users who might train new models, find phenotype/genotype mismatches, or any other use
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Rob Patro @robp.bsky.social · 19/11/2025
@wytamma.bsky.social : so, it took a little bit of extra time (not the flight back from the CZI meeting), but I decided to just f#&$ing do it, and the basic code to build and parse with the auxiliary fastq index is working (github.com/COMBINE-lab/...). 1/2
github.com
GitHub - COMBINE-lab/mim: A small, auxiliary index to massively improve parallel fastq parsing
A small, auxiliary index to massively improve parallel fastq parsing - COMBINE-lab/mim
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Tommi Mäklin @themaklin.bsky.social · 18/11/2025
New preprint: we looked into production of the bacterial toxin colibactin and found that MDR E. coli from the global north have co-evolved with endemic colibactin producers, acquiring colibactin resistance genes before undergoing clonal expansions. www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
biorxiv.org
Co-evolution between colibactin production and resistance is linked to clonal expansions in Escherichia coli
Specific strains of Escherichia coli employ the polyketide synthase island to produce a metabolite called colibactin that is implicated in colorectal tumorigenesis via its genotoxic effect on human DN...
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Tommi Mäklin @themaklin.bsky.social · 18/11/2025
New preprint: we looked into production of the bacterial toxin colibactin and found that MDR E. coli from the global north have co-evolved with endemic colibactin producers, acquiring colibactin resistance genes before undergoing clonal expansions. www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
biorxiv.org
Co-evolution between colibactin production and resistance is linked to clonal expansions in Escherichia coli
Specific strains of Escherichia coli employ the polyketide synthase island to produce a metabolite called colibactin that is implicated in colorectal tumorigenesis via its genotoxic effect on human DN...
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Reposted by Tommi Mäklin
Bede Constantinides @bede.im · 17/11/2025
My account's upload and bulk download access were terminated permanently in 2021 without explanation after I published *checksums* of GISAID genomes. GISAID and its SAB have since ignored a dozen emails seeking explanation. 4 yrs on, even Nextstrain has lost access. GISAID has rotted from its core.
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Cell Press @cellpress.bsky.social · 13/11/2025
The link between the gut #microbiome and autism is not backed by science, researchers say. Read the full opinion piece in @cp-neuron.bsky.social: spkl.io/63322AbxpA @wiringthebrain.bsky.social, @statsepi.bsky.social, & @deevybee.bsky.social
First page of Opinion piece: "Conceptual and methodological flaws undermine claims of a link between the gut microbiome and autism"
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Steven Robbins @stevenjrobbins.bsky.social · 11/11/2025
Metagenomics colleagues! I'm looking for studies where both Illumina and ONT sequencing were performed on the same samples from soil, human, ruminent, and other sample types for comparison. Bonus if those studies include PacBio data. Please help and share!
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Hetan Shah @hetanshah.bsky.social · 12/11/2025
‘Wider humanities & social science fields are underrepresented; communities… are often not centred; and these perspectives are often only included after key research decisions have already been made.’ Excellent ‘genomics in context’ call from @wellcometrust.bsky.social wellcome.org/research-fun...
wellcome.org
Genomics in Context Awards - Research Funding | Wellcome
These awards will support transdisciplinary teams to catalyse research discoveries at the intersection of genomics, humanities, social sciences and bioethics.
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Mark A. Hanson @hansonmark.bsky.social · 11/11/2025
The solutions of the past 3 decades have failed to change the incentives of #PublishOrPerish. As a result, researcher funding, time, control, and trust has been lost. The ONE CONSTANT in the wake of the serial crisis, #PlanS and #OpenAccess reform has been publish profit margins. 2/n
A table showing profit margins of major publishers. A snippet of text related to this table is below.

1. The four-fold drain
1.1 Money
Currently, academic publishing is dominated by profit-oriented, multinational companies for
whom scientific knowledge is a commodity to be sold back to the academic community who
created it. The dominant four are Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley and Taylor & Francis,
which collectively generated over US$7.1 billion in revenue from journal publishing in 2024
alone, and over US$12 billion in profits between 2019 and 2024 (Table 1A). Their profit
margins have always been over 30% in the last five years, and for the largest publisher
(Elsevier) always over 37%.
Against many comparators, across many sectors, scientific publishing is one of the most
consistently profitable industries (Table S1). These financial arrangements make a substantial
difference to science budgets. In 2024, 46% of Elsevier revenues and 53% of Taylor &
Francis revenues were generated in North America, meaning that North American
researchers were charged over US$2.27 billion by just two for-profit publishers. The
Canadian research councils and the US National Science Foundation were allocated US$9.3
billion in that year.
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Mark A. Hanson @hansonmark.bsky.social · 11/11/2025
We wrote the Strain on scientific publishing to highlight the problems of time & trust. With a fantastic group of co-authors, we present The Drain of Scientific Publishing: a 🧵 1/n Drain: arxiv.org/abs/2511.04820 Strain: direct.mit.edu/qss/article/... Oligopoly: direct.mit.edu/qss/article/...
A table showing profit margins of major publishers. A snippet of text related to this table is below.

1. The four-fold drain
1.1 Money
Currently, academic publishing is dominated by profit-oriented, multinational companies for
whom scientific knowledge is a commodity to be sold back to the academic community who
created it. The dominant four are Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley and Taylor & Francis,
which collectively generated over US$7.1 billion in revenue from journal publishing in 2024
alone, and over US$12 billion in profits between 2019 and 2024 (Table 1A). Their profit
margins have always been over 30% in the last five years, and for the largest publisher
(Elsevier) always over 37%.
Against many comparators, across many sectors, scientific publishing is one of the most
consistently profitable industries (Table S1). These financial arrangements make a substantial
difference to science budgets. In 2024, 46% of Elsevier revenues and 53% of Taylor &
Francis revenues were generated in North America, meaning that North American
researchers were charged over US$2.27 billion by just two for-profit publishers. The
Canadian research councils and the US National Science Foundation were allocated US$9.3
billion in that year.A figure detailing the drain on researcher time.

1. The four-fold drain

1.2 Time
The number of papers published each year is growing faster than the scientific workforce,
with the number of papers per researcher almost doubling between 1996 and 2022 (Figure
1A). This reflects the fact that publishers’ commercial desire to publish (sell) more material
has aligned well with the competitive prestige culture in which publications help secure jobs,
grants, promotions, and awards. To the extent that this growth is driven by a pressure for
profit, rather than scholarly imperatives, it distorts the way researchers spend their time.
The publishing system depends on unpaid reviewer labour, estimated to be over 130 million
unpaid hours annually in 2020 alone (9). Researchers have complained about the demands of
peer-review for decades, but the scale of the problem is now worse, with editors reporting
widespread difficulties recruiting reviewers. The growth in publications involves not only the
authors’ time, but that of academic editors and reviewers who are dealing with so many
review demands.
Even more seriously, the imperative to produce ever more articles reshapes the nature of
scientific inquiry. Evidence across multiple fields shows that more papers result in
‘ossification’, not new ideas (10). It may seem paradoxical that more papers can slow
progress until one considers how it affects researchers’ time. While rewards remain tied to
volume, prestige, and impact of publications, researchers will be nudged away from riskier,
local, interdisciplinary, and long-term work. The result is a treadmill of constant activity with
limited progress whereas core scholarly practices – such as reading, reflecting and engaging
with others’ contributions – is de-prioritized. What looks like productivity often masks
intellectual exhaustion built on a demoralizing, narrowing scientific vision.A table of profit margins across industries. The section of text related to this table is below:

1. The four-fold drain
1.1 Money
Currently, academic publishing is dominated by profit-oriented, multinational companies for
whom scientific knowledge is a commodity to be sold back to the academic community who
created it. The dominant four are Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley and Taylor & Francis,
which collectively generated over US$7.1 billion in revenue from journal publishing in 2024
alone, and over US$12 billion in profits between 2019 and 2024 (Table 1A). Their profit
margins have always been over 30% in the last five years, and for the largest publisher
(Elsevier) always over 37%.
Against many comparators, across many sectors, scientific publishing is one of the most
consistently profitable industries (Table S1). These financial arrangements make a substantial
difference to science budgets. In 2024, 46% of Elsevier revenues and 53% of Taylor &
Francis revenues were generated in North America, meaning that North American
researchers were charged over US$2.27 billion by just two for-profit publishers. The
Canadian research councils and the US National Science Foundation were allocated US$9.3
billion in that year.The costs of inaction are plain: wasted public funds, lost researcher time, compromised
scientific integrity and eroded public trust. Today, the system rewards commercial publishers
first, and science second. Without bold action from the funders we risk continuing to pour
resources into a system that prioritizes profit over the advancement of scientific knowledge.
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IMP @impvienna.bsky.social · 10/11/2025
🌍Open call: Junior Group Leader positions! Join a world-class biomedical research institute at the heart of the Vienna BioCenter, where curiosity drives discovery. Lead your own lab, pursue bold ideas, and shape the future of science at the IMP: www.imp.ac.at/career/open-...
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