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Sam Mugford

@samtmugford.bsky.social
1K followers 2.1K following 279 posts

Science worrier, decoding bugs orcid.org/0000-0002-8537-5578

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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 7h
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MP Watch @mpwatch.bsky.social · 12/10/2026
Fascinating
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Dr. Stephanie @punkrockscience.bsky.social · 12/10/2026
Interviewer: Can you explain this gap in your CV? Scientist: That’s the non-coding portion of my CV - we’re not yet sure what all of it does, but we keep discovering new reasons that it’s there.
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Ann LeBlanc @robotleblanc.bsky.social · 09/10/2026
friday is for kafkaposting
tumblr post poem by kleinergeist

I don't care if Monday's stressed
Tuesday, Wednesday, Kafkaesque
Thursday, feeling like a pest
It's Friday, I'm a bug
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Dorothy Bishop @deevybee.bsky.social · 10/10/2026
it’s confirmation bias all the way down
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William Gibson @greatdismal.bsky.social · 09/10/2026
Having long been aware of those tech bros who read my work as utopian porn, where they’ve taken that doesn’t exactly surprise me.
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matty @mattio.bsky.social · 08/10/2026
This is wild - somebody did a deep dive into the real stories behind this famous XKCD: sheets.works/data-viz/hol...
an XKCD comic showing a precariously assembled tower of blocks. much is labelled "all modern digital infrastructure." a thin leg down at the bottom is labelled "A project some random person in Nebraska has been thanklessly maintaining since 2003."
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depths of wikipedia @depthsofwikipedia.bsky.social · 06/10/2026
wikipedia has been ANNIHILATED with AI bot traffic for a while now (because LLMs can't get enough of it) which puts a huge burden on its tech and server costs. and now it looks like bots are making unauthorized edits to pages and trying to hack community tools diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/05/o...
Wiki editing: We’ve identified edits to Wikimedia wikis that we believe are from AI agents operated by OpenAI. These edits were not published to pages with visibility to general readers; almost all of them were testing edits in “sandbox” areas of the wiki. It also included a few edits to the configuration for a citation tool, which we believe were potentially malicious edits that were intended to misuse this tool as a proxy for fetching data from remote services. While Wikipedia policies allow bots to edit when they are disclosed and approved by the community, none of those approvals were sought in these incidents.
Etherpad probing and use: Agents we believe to be operated by OpenAI made some unsuccessful attempts to compromise our public Etherpad, a note-taking tool we host as a community service. Agents unsuccessfully tried to use it to fetch data from other websites as a proxy. Other agents also likely operated by OpenAI took notes about their tasks, though this did not appear to turn into coordination.
Excessive data downloading: Agents we believe to be operated by OpenAI made millions of automated requests to our public APIs to access the knowledge on Wikimedia projects, crawled millions of pages (mainly from our projects Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons), and made hundreds of thousands of data queries to the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS). This traffic may have contributed to a partial outage on WDQS in May. Wikimedia’s volunteers are the ones who come in first contact with, and clean up the mess left behind by AI agents. Rising bot traffic and agentic activity is showing a real impact on the Wikimedia projects and the infrastructure that makes it available for millions of users globally. In 2025, the Foundation reported that its bandwidth usage had increased by 50% due to the surge of bot activity on its websites since 2024. At the same time, 65% of the most resource-consuming traffic on its projects was coming from bots.
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 07/10/2026
She's just well preserved
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Phil M 🦻🏼💚 🍉 🏳️‍⚧️ 🇵🇸 @phillm.bsky.social · 05/10/2026
When they talk about reducing red tape, remember this image.
Grenfell Tower, a black smouldering carcass of the building shorty after the fire, in 2017.
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Randall Munroe @xkcd.com · 29/09/2026
Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer xkcd.com/3304/
4-panel comic. (1) April 2023: [JUICE space probe flying away from Earth] FROM EARTH: *JUICE* is en route to explore the icy moons of Jupiter! JUICE: *Wheee!* (2) August 2024: [JUICE flying past Earth] JUICE: ...So which planet was I visiting again? I got distracted. FROM EARTH: Jupiter! JUICE: Right, OK. (3) September 2026: [JUICE flies past Earth again] JUICE: Is Jupiter the one with all the rings? Or... FROM EARTH: No, the big one near it. JUICE: Got it! (4) January 2029: [JUICE returning to fly past Earth again] JUICE: And *which* moons am I looking at? FROM EARTH: Oh my *god*. FROM EARTH: Now I get why we budgeted for so many Earth flybys.
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 29/09/2026
Toadfish does sound like a CIA codename for a false flag operation
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 24/09/2026
When you die, the first thing you hear is Melvyn saying "and now some extra time for the podcast. What would you have said if you had time?"
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chaircrusher @cornwarning.com · 21/09/2026
I started working as a programmer in 1984. Throughout my career, we spent a lot of time on making code more efficient, faster running. If nothing else, LLMs are the opposite. Let's make programs that require trillions of dollars of infrastructure, that get things wrong!
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Tom Cox @dj-acid-reflux.bsky.social · 20/09/2026
What I want is a TV documentary channel entirely devoted to documentaries with no quick-cut montages of everything about to happen, which don't give a fuck about keeping my attention, presented by extremely knowledgeable people in a terrible mood who have no interest in trying to make me like them
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Jitte @jittebug.nl · 19/09/2026
I came across on my hard drive while looking for other things. I segmented the nervous system and part of the digestive system in this Atta vollenweideri head, then apparently I animated it and forgot it existed... This was based on CT data graciously provided by the Labonte lab.
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Kevin A. Scott, PhD @sculpturatus.bsky.social · 17/09/2026
found at ucsf
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Sergey Ovchinnikov @sokrypton.org · 14/09/2026
Finally a more intuitaive way to learn pLDDT/pAE? 😎 sokrypton.github.io/protein_figh... (Character idea from @hannes-stark.bsky.social & Alex Waldherr)
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 14/09/2026
as dystopian as everything is, I'm glad i live in the "Ilfracombe blade runners" timeline
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 10/09/2026
See also our preprint on this story www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6... @qunliu07.bsky.social @saskiahogenhout.bsky.social
biorxiv.org
The aphid effector CathB6 suppresses EDS1-dependent immunity and rewires MORF2–GUN1–GLK signalling to sustain host cellular homeostasis in Arabidopsis
Aphids use stylet mouthparts to probe plant tissues and deliver oral secretions into host cells, modulating immunity to establish long-term phloem feeding sites in sieve elements. This feeding behavio...
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 10/09/2026
Come see my poster (number 10) about Aphid cathepsin B effectors and how they influence chloroplast processes #ppath2026 #bspp zenodo.org/records/2070...
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Magnus Bauer @kinasekid.bsky.social · 06/09/2026
AlphaFold Server’s ligand menu just got a lot bigger and I almost missed it! You can now add any ligand from the wwPDB Chemical Component Dictionary. Just enter its CCD code 🥳
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 03/09/2026
came here to say this
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Anna Grzymala-Busse @annagbusse.bsky.social · 02/09/2026
He gets a sabbatical??
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 01/09/2026
static.klipy.com
Funny Sausage Fingers Illusion
ALT: Funny Sausage Fingers Illusion
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Brian Honan @brianhonan.bsky.social · 29/08/2026
Happy Skynet day to all those who celebrate
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Flight Free UK @flightfreeuk.bsky.social · 29/08/2026
Thanks for sharing and tagging us @markannand.eurosky.social a live, real time rail map. What a fantastic view of the European rail network in action. Inspiration for so much sustainable travel and slow travel adventure. 🌎💚
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Peter Moffett @moffettpeter.bsky.social · 28/08/2026
New preprint from @s-gauthier.bsky.social and @charlesrleveillee.bsky.social in collaboration with the labs of Xuifang Xin, @gittacoaker.bsky.social and Laurent Noël Water immunity: Yesterday's preprint: Dampness is a DAMP... today's: ...but it also dampens defense www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
biorxiv.org
Extracellular water withdrawal drives disease resistance in the phyllosphere
A central question in immunity is how hosts arrest pathogen growth. Diverse plant pathogens create a water-soaked niche in host tissue essential for pathogenesis, yet how water shapes infection outcom...
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Tits McGee @scientits.bsky.social · 28/08/2026
Norfolk being sat on top of an ancient supervolcano explains a lot
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 26/08/2026
I guess we got to start using bonferoni corrections instead of tukey tests?
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Credentials, Dan @dancredentials.bsky.social · 15/08/2026
Me, nodding knowingly: The beaks.
Headline of paleontology news article: Crocodiles can't fly. Birds can. Scientists have finally figured out why
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sophiacollins.bsky.social @sophiacollins.bsky.social · 23/08/2026
You know why
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Steve "It's TAY-tro" Tetreault @drtlovesbooks.bsky.social · 20/08/2026
This Threads post by @joedator.bsky.social nails it. #AiIsTheProblem #TechLiteracy
Post from Threads by joedator. Text reads: 
I invented a robot that can rob a bank. Of course, it robs these banks on its own, so I can't be held legally responsible when it robs a bank. I mean, all I did was invent it, it's not my fault if it works exactly the way I intended. Also, I get to keep all the money from the banks it robs. Sorry if any of that money was yours, but now that I've invented the Bank Robbing Robot, the Bank Robbing Robot is inevitable.
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Petros Ligoxygakis @petrosligoxygakis.bsky.social · 23/08/2026
“The public interest is not the same thing as the public being interested”. Pertinent as always by Will Self on the central role of British media in the death of Dr. Jason Arday. willself1.substack.com/p/2089334077...
willself1.substack.com
Jason Arday: J'Accuse the British Media
After the death of Jason Arday, Will Self asks what happens when the media machine mistakes what interests the public for the public interest.
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George Monbiot @georgemonbiot.bsky.social · 23/08/2026
HG Wells is alleged to have remarked "Every time I see an adult on a bicycle, I no longer despair for the future of the human race”. You could see this shocking chart as an index of civilisation. A country which gets this issue so badly wrong is likely to fail in many other ways.
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Ann Edahl @ann-edahl.bsky.social · 22/08/2026
Optimist: The cup is half full Pessimist: The cup is half empty Excel: It’s January 2
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Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research @mpipz.bsky.social · 18/08/2026
🔬Big news🥳 We’re excited to welcome Prof. Dr. Rosa Lozano-Durán as new Director and head of the Department of Plant Virology @mpipz.bsky.social Her research focuses on how plant viruses interact with their hosts. 🎉Welcome to MPIPZ, Rosa 🌿🌱 www.mpipz.mpg.de/5842514/loza...
mpipz.mpg.de
The Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research welcomes Prof. Dr. Rosa Lozano-Durán as new director
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Luca @lucagalletti.bsky.social · 17/08/2026
One of French puppeteer Raphaël Gromy’s most recognizable performances features a puppet painting real artworks on canvas, blending puppetry, live performance, and visual art into a unique theatrical experience. 😊 IG: @artistsuniversum @raphael_gromy
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John Innes Centre @johninnescentre.bsky.social · 17/08/2026
VACANCY - Funded by @European Research Council (ERC), we have three exciting opportunities for Postdoctoral Researchers to join the newly appointed Dr @hassansalem.bsky.social Group. These roles span: Developmental biology - okt.to/nq50wC 🧵
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Ketan Joshi @ketanjoshi.co · 14/08/2026
This is the coverage of Arday **just in the Telegraph** in the UK. This is only the first four pages of results, just in one outlet.
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Jason Arday found dead
2 hours ago — Mr Arday was found •unresponsive• at an address in Battersea. south London. on Froy
afternoon. He was uter pronounced dead at the scene. A Read rnore
Jason Arday says he was an illiterate, mute child. His .
6 hours ago — Jason Arday says he was an i&erate. mute child. Cambridge's youngest-ever black
professor in 2023. Arday attended from the age of four to 11
r— mm-WI 3
A PhD is no longer a sign of brilliance — take it from Dr Arday
1 day aeo — Juon Arday resigns from the Unwersity of Cambrdge after The Telegraph reports he had
falseb• claimed to have pubåshed a book
We are all Jason Arday now
S days ago — Jason Arday resons from the University of Cambridge after The Telegraph reports he had
falsew cGimed to have published a book Aug 7.2028. Read more
Cambridge professor claimed he was on Seven Up..
2 Aug 2026 — He was not bom until 1985. Prof Arday is at the centre of a row about academk
plagiarism after The Tekgragh that he had been accused
The Jason Arday 'memoir' that now appears to be more .
7 days ago — Instead of tales of triumph over adversity. the now-fomer Cambridge professors
autob"qraphy is a case study in self-rnythobgising,
Arday failed to mention 'months-long coma' in autobiography
8 days ago — Jason Arday toz publishers he was k•ft a three-month coma fohwhg a car gash. but
never wrote about the ordeal his memoirs_
Jason Arday is living proof that you reap what you sow
6 Aug 2028 — The Cambridge professor feed plagiarism alegations and made fantastical clä'ns about
his life. so what did he expect woUz happen? Read rmre
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Arday 'accused student of Miite privilege' after she
4 days ago — Forrner Cambrdge professor alleged* htplied that Roehamptm student was racist after
cornplaint about essay SOOre.
Jason Arday is rnerely a symptom of the Leffs corruption
Aug 2026 — Lab-curs on school standards is on the same toxic assumptions that created his
academic career.
Cambridge hired Arday after 'listening to black stu…
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 14/08/2026
No need to throw shade on him
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 13/08/2026
static.klipy.com
Hot Fuzz
ALT: Hot Fuzz
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 12/08/2026
Kudos to @qunliu07.bsky.social , Jianhua Huang, Anna Neefjes, and @saskiahogenhout.bsky.social @johninnescentre.bsky.social
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 12/08/2026
Together these data show how an aphid effector introduced into host plants during feeding may suppress immunity whilst simultaneously promoting plant photosynthetic productivity to maximise aphid performance. 8/8
Model for M. persicae CathB effector function in modulating MORF–GUN– GLK signalling to maintain cellular homeostasis during aphid feeding. During feeding, aphids secrete CathB effectors into plant cells. Once inside the host cell, CathB exhibits two distinct activities. Left panel: CathB6 localizes to processing bodies (pbodies). CathB6 also interacts with EDS1 and recruit EDS1, together with its partners PAD4 and ADR1, to the p-bodies (Liu et al., 2025). CathB6 suppresses plant immune responses (Liu et al., 2025), including EDS1-regulated immunity, as shown in this study. Right panel: CathB effectors interact with plant GLK transcription factors, which recruit CathB6 to the nucleus and reduce its localization to p-bodies. CathB6 modulates the GLK–MORF2–GUN1 pathway in a manner that maintains chloroplast– nucleus communication. Aphid CathB effectors also interact with specific members of the MORF family, including MORF2, although whether this interaction occurs in planta remains unclear. The CathB6 proximal interactome further links p-body dynamics, nucleus-chloroplast communications, and cytoskeletal organization with defence-related pathways. Together with evidence that p-bodies contribute to nucleuschloroplast communications and contain GUN4 and GUN5 (Jang et al., 2019), these findings suggest that CathB6 may coordinate p-body-associated processes with 37 nucleus-chloroplast communications. However, how CathB modulates these pathways remains unresolved, as indicated by the question marks
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 12/08/2026
We found significant overlap of the CathB6-regulated transcriptome with MORF2- and GLK-regulated transcriptomes, consistent with CathB6 affecting plant processes via these pathways. 7/n
The transcriptional profiles of A. thaliana CathB6-GFP plants overlap with
those of glk and gun1 mutants and MORF2-ox lines. (A–C) Venn diagrams showing the overlap of genes differentially expressed in CathB6-GFP with those up- (red) or down- (blue) regulated in (A) the glk1.1 glk2.1 double mutant line (Ahmad et al., 2019) and (B) NF-treated MORF2 overexpression (MORF2-OX) and (C) the NF-treated gun1-9 mutant lines (Zhao et al., 2019). Asterisks indicate statistically significant overlap with CathB6-GFP-regulated genes (Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.05). (D) Heatmap showing relative expression levels of 232 genes that are CathB6-GFP (n= 157) and/or EDS1-regulated (n=112, of which 35 are also CathB6-regulated) and differentially expressed in glk1.1 glk2.1, MORF2-OX, or gun1-9 lines.
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 12/08/2026
We found that both MORF2 and GLKs influence aphid performance on plants. 6/n
M. persicae fecundity assays on A. thaliana transgenic and mutant lines.
Box plots show fecundity per female aphid at n = 10 to 15 replicates (shown as dots) per line (Col-0, n = 10; GFP, n = 11; CathB6-GFP, n = 12; eds1-2, n = 12; morf2-1, n = 14; glk1.1 glk2.1, n = 14; acd28.9, n = 15). Different letters above the boxes indicate significant differences determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test (P < 0.05). The transgenic lines GFP (line 3-5) and CathB6-GFP (line 4-5), as well as the mutants eds1-2 and acd28.9, were previously described in Liu et al. (2025). The morf2-1 (Takenaka et al., 2012) and glk1.1 glk2.1 (Ahmad et al., 2019) lines were genotyped for this study.
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 12/08/2026
CathB6 re-localises away from processing-bodies and into the nucleus in the presence of over-expressed GLKs. 5/n
CathB6 localizes to the nucleus in the presence of nuclear GLK2 but remains associated with p-bodies in the presence of chloroplast-localized MORF2. Confocal images showing the localizations of GFP or CathB6-GFP in the presence or absence of GLK2-RFP
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 12/08/2026
We explored the CathB6-interactome, and identified MORF2 plastid RNA-editing factor and GLK transcription factors, both with key roles in regulating chloroplast-nucleus signalling and regulation of photosynthetic gene-expression. 4/n
M. persicae CathB6 effectors interact with A. thaliana GLK and MORF
proteins. (A, C) Yeast two-hybrid assays testing interactions between M. persicae CathB effectors and members of A. thaliana GLK and MORF protein families. CathB6C114A has a mutation in the protease catalytic site. AD, GAL4-activation domain. BD, GAL4-DNA binding domain. SD-LWHA, quadruple dropout medium lacking leucine, tryptophan, histidine, and adenine. Yeast growth on SD-LW medium is shown in Supplementary Fig. 3A, B. (B, D) Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) of HA-tagged GLK and MORF proteins with GFP or CathB6-GFP from agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves using GFP-trap beads. Arrowheads indicate the expected sizes: GFP, 26.9 kDa; CathB6-GFP, 59.9 kDa; HA-GLK1, 53.2 kDa; HA-GLK2, 47.4 kDa; HA-MORF1, 50.4 kDa; HA-MORF2, 30.0 kDa.)
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 12/08/2026
Here we show significant overlap of CathB6- and EDS1-regulated transcriptome in Arabidopsis plants, but also find there is a substantial additional CathB6-regulated processes. 3/n
The transcriptional profiles of A. thaliana CathB6-GFP and eds1-2 plants
overlap. (A) Principal component analysis of RNA-seq read counts. PC1 separates CathB6-GFP and eds1-2 samples from GFP-expressing and wild-type Col-0 plants, indicating shared variance. PC2 further distinguishes CathB6-GFP from eds1-2, revealing divergence between the two genotypes. (B) Venn diagram showing the overlap of differentially expressed (DE) transcripts between CathB6-GFP (vs. GFP) and eds1-2 (vs. Col-0). The asterisks indicate statistically significant overlaps (P < 0.01, Fisher's exact test). (C) Hierarchical clustering (dendrogram on the left) of DE transcripts (heatmap on the right, red = up-regulated and blue = down-regulated). The clustering separates transcripts with similar regulation by CathB6-GFP and EDS1 from those exhibiting CathB6-GFP-specific or EDS1-specific regulation. Dashed boxes indicate clusters of transcripts that are co-regulated in A. thaliana CathB6-GFP and eds1-2 plants.
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Sam Mugford @samtmugford.bsky.social · 12/08/2026
We previously showed that cathepsin B (inc. CathB6) proteins secreted in aphid oral secretions re-localise the plant EDS1 immune signalling protein to processing-bodies to promote aphid performance. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/... 2/n
science.org
Aphid effectors suppress plant immunity via recruiting defense proteins to processing bodies
Aphids hijack plant immunity via p-bodies, but plants fight back with a heat shock protein in an unexpected twist on defense.
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