Expectations can inform fast, accurate decisions. But what informs expectations? Here we test the hypothesis that expectations are set by dynamic inference from memory. Participants performed a cue-gu...

Many decisions require maintaining beliefs across multiple levels of representation, from sampling and integrating information to forming action plans. To elucidate these processes and reveal the neur...

Attention prioritizes relevant information from the environment, but does not do so consistently over time. Instead, we sometimes experience poor attentional states which are characterized by a higher...

Comrie et al. show that the hippocampus flexibly represents different alternative possibilities—including paths ahead, behind, and far away—to meet distinct cognitive demands related to decision-makin...

Internally and externally oriented brain networks are functionally coupled at a voxel scale through a common visuospatial code.

A small, spotted tiger cat from Bolivia may just be the beginning of a wave of new small cat species.

Searching for objects of interest is an essential and pervasive activity in adaptive cognition. In everyday situations, we often search for relevant content in our surroundings and in mind at the same...

Vision science has demonstrated considerable success in characterizing early- and mid-level visual processes through reductionism and tightly controlled experiments. However, an understanding of high-...

UC Berkeley researchers were awarded the 2026 Ig Nobel Prize — a parody Nobel Prize — for research showing that “upper-class” individuals practice more unethical behaviors than “lower-class” individua...

How do people preserve mental continuity when tasks are interrupted? One established pathway runs through the hippocampus, which stores snapshots of our mental context for later reinstatement. We prop...

Population-level brain patterns for new studies. Browse, explore, and download published neuromarkers.

Multiple learning processes contribute to successful goal-directed actions under changing physiological states, biomechanical constraints, and environmental contexts. Among these, explicit strategies ...

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The U.S. National Science Foundation was established in 1950 to keep American discovery at the frontier. That mission has not changed. The science and technology ecosystem around it has...

Chericoni et al. show that neurons in the human hippocampus track the positions of multiple agents in a simple pursuit-based video game. They identified place codes for each agent and for gaze. The co...

Humans tend to discount the value of delayed rewards. As a consequence, they forego larger long-term benefits (e.g., €29 in 91 days) in favor of small…

The study of cross-species differences in the organization of the cerebral cortex received significant attention during the past century. However, the evolutionary principles governing changes in bra...

Memory and perception both require selecting behaviorally relevant information. Here, the authors show that more distinct hippocampal memories are linked to precise anticipatory signals in visual cort...

Cognitive flexibility allows us to adjust behavior when environmental rules change and to recombine prior knowledge in novel situations. However, the …

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Abstract. The amygdala is considered crucial to the formation of emotional episodic memories, yet causal evidence in humans is limited due to challenges in noninvasive neuromodulation of deep brain st...

This study leverages cell type-specific optogenetics in the monkey cerebral cortex to elucidate the unique functional contributions of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in visual form processing. The ...

It is critical to identify which factors induce specific brain states as these large-scale patterns of coordinated neural activity drive downstream processing and behavior. The retrieval state, a brai...

Interactions between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) are crucial for flexible and memory guided behaviour. Because there are no direct projections from PFC to HPC, it is widely presu...

Attention forms a key, yet elusive component of visual processing. We shift attention constantly across the visual field to enhance processing of relevant locations or stimuli in service of goal-direc...

University groups have filed a lawsuit to block an immigration rule limiting F-1 and J-1 visa holders to fixed four-year periods.

Memory routinely transforms continuous experience into discrete episodes that support flexible retrieval. We propose that these structured representations are established via rapid neural reactivation...

Abstract. Episodic memories are known to change with each act of retrieval. We hypothesize that accessing semantic knowledge in different ways during episodic retrieval—from unique perceptual features...

We are preparing substantial changes to OSF that will reduce its functionality, focus OSF on its unique strengths, and move toward an integrated model with complementary services. As part of that shif...

Behavioral experiments are often infeasible when stimulus spaces have many dimensions or when testing time is limited. One way to address this challenge is adaptive stimulus selection, where informati...

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Language is included to delay the president’s move to put political appointees in charge of grant approval.