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Pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa creates legacy effects that promote antibiotic resistance evolution in enterococci | Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
Bacterial infections may consist of different species that together form a polymicrobial community, as is the case in urinary tract infections (UTIs) (1–3). The response to antibiotic treatment of such polymicrobial infections may be affected by metabolic interactions among community members that affect the survival and resistance evolution of specific members (4–7). For example, β-lactamase-producing strains may cross-protect community members against β-lactams (8, 9), and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains producing the signal molecule indole may induce antibiotic tolerance via enhanced efflux in susceptible bacteria (10). Previous research of polymicrobial UTIs has shown that interactions between UTI members can alter the growth, antibiotic tolerance, and evolvability of antibiotic resistance of other community members (7, 11, 12). Yet, the nature of interactions affecting the evolvability of antibiotic resistance is often unknown.