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Tonic for your GIN: gastrointestinal nematode immunomodulator vaccines
No vaccines are currently available for any gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections of humans, despite a large global burden of disease. In livestock, limited helminth vaccines are available, while current anthelmintic treatments are waning in their effectiveness as resistance is developing. The reasons for the lack of vaccines are manifold but include the complexity of the parasite genomes, the lack of defined correlates of protection, and the immunomodulatory activities of GIN infections. In recent years, our knowledge of parasite immunomodulation has dramatically advanced. Here, we propose that vaccination approaches can be used to block either parasite immunomodulation or digestive processes, allowing effective ejection or starvation of these parasites. We compare this approach to vaccines against other pathogens and summarise data from rodent, livestock, and human infections.
![1 [Nurse talking to camera]
This is usually our busiest time of year at the centre
2 [Show a sign outside a medical institution reading:]
Centre for Adults Who Still Can’t Get Their Heads Round Daylight Savings
3
NURSE:
We have a spike in admissions when BST starts
4
CONFUSED PATIENT BEING LAID DOWN BY NURSES:
Is it forward or back?
NURSE:
Lie down love
5
We often see the same patients ever year
PATIENT:
So it’s like… time travel?
DOCTOR:
No
6 Every year we try to explain BST to them in a fun and memorable way
[The patients are sat around a fun show, with people dressed in bunny suits jumping around a giant clock]
BUNNY: And now I *spring forward*...
7
[Bunny springs forward one hour on clock]
8
PATIENT WATCHING SHOW:
I don’t get it
9
The hardest patients are the Summer Time refusers
10 PATIENT [sat strapped to a chair as a doctor talks to him through a screen, through a tannoy]
PATIENT: But why is it better?
DOCTOR [talking through microphone]:
Because it complicates things.
11
PATIENT:
How is that good?
DOCTOR:
It makes you more tired.
12
DOCTOR [to assistant]:
Fetch the cattle prod
[Ends]](https://cdn.bsky.app/img/feed_thumbnail/plain/did:plc:4m3we4apbjayclzcnhwe3pfp/bafkreig3ajb2wja3a6grndpmpunqogqdeg52wtkr2gpxqng6gx47ixpgee)
![NEW: @potus letter to @jonasgahrstore links @NobelPrize to Greenland, reiterates threats, and is forwarded by the NSC staff to multiple European ambassadors in Washington. I obtained the text from multiple officials:
Dear Ambassador:
President Trump has asked that the following message, shared with Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre, be forwarded to your [named head of government/state]
“Dear Jonas: Considering your Country decided not to give me the Nobel Peace Prize for having stopped 8 Wars PLUS, I no longer feel an obligation to think purely of Peace, although it will always be predominant, but can now think about what is good and proper for the United States of America. Denmark cannot protect that land from Russia or China, and why do they have a “right of ownership” anyway? There are no written documents, it’s only that a boat landed there hundreds of years ago, but we had boats landing there, also. I have done more for NATO than any other person since its founding, and now, NATO should do something for the United States. The World is not secure unless we have Complete and Total Control of Greenland. Thank you! President DJT”](https://cdn.bsky.app/img/feed_thumbnail/plain/did:plc:hbpefio3f5csc44msmbgioxz/bafkreie7itpptx3xbxhpsnlaqmwk752h7pcrion5ija2apksljtax2adx4)
