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Patrick Steinmetz

@prhsteinmetz.bsky.social
1.5K followers 611 following 42 posts

Group leader at Michael Sars Centre, University of Bergen. How food regulates growth in a sea anemone. Also: Wildlife & landscape photography. Hiking. Fishing. Consciousness. Meditation. #EvoDevo #Development #EvoPhysio orcid.org/0000-0002-3705-277

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Reposted by Patrick Steinmetz
Inés Fournon Berodia @inesfournon.bsky.social · 04/08/2026
Very pleased to finally share the main story from my PhD, now published in @natcomms.nature.com ! 🎉 Using a sea anemone we discovered and characterised epithelial cell extrusion as the mechanism underlying starvation-induced cell loss. 🔗 Open-access article: www.nature.com/articles/s41...
nature.com
Epithelial cell extrusion underlies starvation-induced cell loss in a sea anemone - Nature Communications
Epithelial cell extrusion in a sea anemone shares key hallmarks with bilaterians and is dynamically regulated by nutritional status. During starvation-induced body shrinkage, extrusion likely contribu...
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ulrichtechnau.bsky.social @ulrichtechnau.bsky.social · 22/07/2026
Great work by PhD student Patricio Ferrer Murguia. His paper reporting the twist mutant in Nematostella is out: doi.org/10.1242/dev.... twist is required to form secondary tentacles, via localized FGFR and mTOR signaling. Later, mutants form stunning epithelial neoplasia with tentacle identity.
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ulrichtechnau.bsky.social @ulrichtechnau.bsky.social · 22/07/2026
Check the brilliant work by Sanjay Narayanaswamy in Nature Comm. www.nature.com/articles/s41.... He established a scalable Gastruloid protocol and showed that in gastruloids of Nematostella axial polarity and germ layer restoration and sorting depends on a Notch-Wnt signaling feedback loop.
nature.com
Notch coordinates self-organization of germ layers and axial polarity in sea anemone gastruloids - Nature Communications
Here they show that gastruloids made of embryonic cells of the sea anemone Nematostella can robustly regenerate whole organisms. They show that Notch signaling is crucial to sort out the randomly disp...
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PLOS Biology @plosbiology.org · 22/05/2026
Bilaterian BMP signaling gradients suggest an ancestral anti-neural role. Study of #cnidarians shows that #BMP signalling promotes neurogenesis; its "anti-neural" function is a side effect of its role in the DV axis @paulknabl.bsky.social @genikhovich.bsky.social @plosbiology.org 🧪 plos.io/4dJHoiR
In the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora, BMP signaling is active in ganglionic neurons of the umbrella, the ring nerve and in the rhopalium. Top left: Oral view of the umbrella, black arrowheads highlight the location of the rhopalia (rh). Top right: lateral and frontal detail of the rhopalium anatomy. Bottom, from left to right: pSMAD1/5 activity in the rhopalia, lateral view of the rhopalium, view from the top highlights pSMAD1/5 activity around the stalk, detailed view of the pit eye and the area around it (pSMAD1/5 is observed in a sector of the pit eye retina, the upper lens eye and some cells between the pit eye and the stalk).
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Patrick Steinmetz @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social · 01/05/2026
This is cool but also weird. Seriously, infecting HeLa cells with a parasitic eukaryote can tell us anything about how modern cells evolved? No.
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epithelial mechanics fan club @epimechfc.bsky.social · 22/03/2026
Hello epithelia enthusiasts! I’m @inesfournon.bsky.social and I study epithelial mechanics in sea anemones 🪼 Did you know epithelial cell extrusion had never been described outside bilaterian animals before? Well… not anymore 👀 Read ⬇️🧵1/9
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Aissam Ikmi @aikmi.bsky.social · 20/03/2026
Our study on shape diversity in cnidarians is now published. The final version includes extensive new data that substantially extend the original bioRxiv preprint. Congrats to everyone who contributed to this work! www.cell.com/cell/fulltex... @embl.org
cell.com
Deciphering mechanical determinants of morphological evolution
A comparative analysis of cnidarian larval morphogenesis combined with active surface theory identifies a set of mesoscale mechanical modules that predict species-specific shapes. Manipulating these m...
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Michael Sars Centre @msarscentre.bsky.social · 05/03/2026
New article from the @pawelburkhardt.bsky.social group highlighted on the cover of Science Advances 🤩👏 The work, led by @annaferraioli.bsky.social, describes in unprecedented details the structure of the comb jelly's aboral organ (AO) 🧵 1/4
tinyurl.com
Ctenophore research points to earlier origins of brain-like structures
New 3D reconstructions of a key sensory organ in ctenophores reveal an unexpected structural and functional complexity. The findings suggest that an elementary brain may have already appeared in our m...
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Thibaut Brunet @thibautbrunet.bsky.social · 28/02/2026
Final version @nature.com of our paper describing unconventional multicellular development in a choanoflagellate inhabiting an extreme environment. A ton of new data since the first @biorxivpreprint.bsky.social preprint (which we've kept updating). A brief 🧵 (carried over from the old place)
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Henry Gee 亨利·纪 @endofthepier.bsky.social · 26/02/2026
Salinity tunes mode of multicellularity in a tidepool choanoflagellate www.nature.com/articles/s41... - paper in @nature.com
nature.com
Clonal-aggregative multicellularity tuned by salinity in a choanoflagellate - Nature
The choanoflagellate Choanoeca flexa forms motile and contractile cell monolayers purely clonally, purely aggregatively or through a combination of both processes depending on environmental condi...
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The Continent @thecontinent.org · 14/02/2026
To subscribe, send a message to +27 73 805 6068 on WhatsApp, Signal and Telegram, or email read@thecontinent.org.
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César Sánchez @twistedbacteria.bsky.social · 06/02/2026
Genomic clues to the origin of eukaryotic cells www.nature.com/articles/d41...
nature.com
Genomic clues to the origin of eukaryotic cells
How did eukaryotic cells with complex architecture evolve from simpler prokaryotic cells? DNA analyses offer possible answers.
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Nathalie Reuter @nathaliereuter.bsky.social · 03/02/2026
Exciting symposium in June in Bergen with the Michael Sars Centre and CBU. Join us! @msarscentre.bsky.social @cbubergen.bsky.social
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Michael Sars Centre @msarscentre.bsky.social · 02/02/2026
We are thrilled to announce that registration is now open for the Michael Sars Symposium 2026, co-organized with @cbubergen.bsky.social 🙌 Join us on June 4 in Bergen for a day of fantastic talks, with a focus on living systems in a variable ocean 🌊 🔗 tinyurl.com/joinMSS2026
A poster in tones of blue with white text and pops of pink that reads:
Michael Sars Symposium 2026
Living systems in a variable ocean
In collaboration with the Computational Biology Unit, UiB
June 4, 2026, Media City Bergen

SPEAKERS
Anne-Claude Gavin, Université de Genève
Christian Jørgensen, Dept. of Biological Sciences, UiB
Matthew Rockman, New York University
Isabella Graf, EMBL Heidelberg
Tom Michoel, Computational Biology Unit, UiB
Anthony Mathelier, NCMBM, University of Oslo
Susanna Röblitz, Computational Biology Unit, UiB
Boris Lenhard, Imperial College London
Jonas Brandenburg, Michael Sars Centre, UiB

ORGANIZERS
Lionel Christian, Michael Sars Centre, UiB
Nathalie Reuter, Computational Biology Unit, UiB

Below the text are the logos for the Michael Sars Centre, CBU, University of Bergen, EMBL with the mention 'Partners of', and the hashtag MSS2026
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Patrick Steinmetz @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social · 29/01/2026
Norway’s oil fund yielded NOK 2362 billions in 2025, enough to DOUBLE the current budget of Norwegian Research Council for the next 214 years. 🤷‍♂️ www.nbim.no/no/nyheter-o...
nbim.no
Sterk avkastning i 2025 | Norges Bank Investment Management
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EMBO @embo.org · 14/12/2025
Investigate regeneration and repair using whole animals or organ/tissue systems at EMBO Workshop "The molecular and cellular basis of #regeneration and #TissueRepair" in #Krems, AT, 21–25 Sep 2026. Deadline: 20 May meetings.embo.org/event/26-tissue-r… #EMBORegeneration #EMBOevents 🧪
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Patrick Steinmetz @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social · 20/01/2026
Can #Deichkind claim patent rights? #LeiderGeil
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Steven Salzberg @stevensalzberg.bsky.social · 16/01/2026
very sad news. Peer Bork was one of the leaders of our field, a wonderful scientist, and he's much too young to be gone. www.embl.org/news/embl-an...
embl.org
In remembrance of Peer Bork  | EMBL
EMBL and its community are deeply saddened by the death of Peer Bork, the organisation’s Interim Director General.
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Arnau Sebé-Pedrós @arnausebe.bsky.social · 22/12/2025
Excited to share the final version of our study on Nematostella cell type regulatory programs. Part of our @erc.europa.eu StG project, this was a challenging 5-year effort extraodinarily led by @aelek.bsky.social and @martaig.bsky.social. www.nature.com/articles/s41...
nature.com
Decoding cnidarian cell type gene regulation - Nature Ecology & Evolution
This study reconstructs the gene regulatory networks that define cell types in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, providing a valuable resource for comparative regulatory genomics and the evoluti...
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irisjuanico.bsky.social @irisjuanico.bsky.social · 28/12/2025
I'm excited to share this pre-print of my PhD research. Publication hopefully coming soon!
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Eudald Pascual @eudaldpascual.bsky.social · 16/12/2025
💡How does nutrition regulate cell cycle in stem cells? Check out our new paper from @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social lab & @msarscentre.bsky.social, out now in @plosbiology.org (plos.io/48J2o6P) #SeaAnemone #Nematostella #StemCell #CellCycle #Quiescence #TORsignalling 1/12
plos.io
Prolonged starvation deepens quiescence in Vasa2/Piwi1-expressing cells of a sea anemone
Animals with lifelong growth modulate cell proliferation in response to nutrient availability, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study shows that starvation induces a revers...
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Marios Chatzigeorgiou @mchatzigeorgiou.bsky.social · 08/12/2025
New preprint from our lab: www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6... @olegtolstenkov.bsky.social, Sissel and Rodolfo in collaboration with @appygenetics.bsky.social @msarscentre.bsky.social built a behavioral atlas of the planktonic tunicate Oikopleura dioica across its life cycle.
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Océane Tournière @oceanetourniere.bsky.social · 22/12/2025
Have you ever wondered what difference it makes to have 1 or 2 X chromosomes in your cells? ✨ I’m excited to share that our paper is now out! Looking for some X-mas content featuring an actual X? 🎄 Here’s the paper: 👉 www.cell.com/current-biol...
cell.com
X chromosome dosage in respiratory stem cells is critical for post-embryonic development and survival
Tournière et al. uncover the biological roles of sex chromosome dosage compensation, showing it is broadly dispensable except in the respiratory system during metamorphosis, where X chromosome dose de...
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Patrick Steinmetz @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social · 21/12/2025
Happy winter solstice from #SunnyBergen!
View from Møsnuken mountain onto Bjørnafjorden. Low sun mirroring over fjord in background with rocky mountain scenery in front. Small lakes on lower altitude in front.
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Michael Sars Centre @msarscentre.bsky.social · 19/12/2025
We are thrilled to invite you to the Michael Sars Symposium 2026 - Living systems in a variable ocean, together with our co-organizers at @cbubergen.bsky.social! Mark June 4, 2026 in your calendars, and watch out for our speaker lineup reveal in the new year 🙌
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Development @dev-journal.bsky.social · 05/02/2025
Optimized husbandry and targeted gene-editing for the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis Read this Techniques & Resources Article by @joao-e-carvalho.bsky.social, @rottingerlab.bsky.social and colleagues: journals.biologists.com/dev/article/...
Figure 1 (A) Adult polyp. (B) A spawning adult polyp. (C) Detailed view of an egg mass.
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Marios Chatzigeorgiou @mchatzigeorgiou.bsky.social · 08/12/2025
@olegtolstenkov.bsky.social and Sissel Norland @msarscentre.bsky.social show that Ciona adults have rich embodied postural dynamics and are able to perceive different sensory stimuli and respond with distinct behavioral outputs. www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1... (from last September)
biorxiv.org
The evolution of embodied postural dynamics underlies behavioral diversity in benthic sessile chordate
Benthic animals live on or in the seafloor, a habitat known as the benthic zone. These bottom-dwelling organisms account for the largest fraction of animal diversity in our seas, playing vital roles i...
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Patrick Steinmetz @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social · 16/12/2025
Excited to share our story nutrition and cell quiescence in sea anemones, great postdoctoral work of @eudaldpascual.bsky.social Finally out in @plosbiology.org And thanks to @msarscentre.bsky.social for the nice news piece: www.uib.no/en/michaelsa...
uib.no
Starved sea anemones put their cells in ‘deep sleep’ mode
New work from the Steinmetz group at the Michael Sars Centre unveils the secrets behind the starlet sea anemone's extraordinary ability to adjust its body size according to food availability.
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Patrick Steinmetz @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social · 16/12/2025
Proud to see the PhD work of @inesfournon.bsky.social out as preprint! 🌸 Cell extrusion DOES exist outside of bilaterians AND is sensitive to feeding status in sea anemones.
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Michael Sars Centre @msarscentre.bsky.social · 16/12/2025
Congratulations to @eudaldpascual.bsky.social and @ktgarschall.bsky.social from the @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social lab on a new paper out in @plosbiology.org 🤩👏 The work, supported by @embo.org, looked at cell behavior during starvation in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis 🧵🧪
uib.no
Starved sea anemones put their cells in ‘deep sleep’ mode
New work from the Steinmetz group at the Michael Sars Centre unveils the secrets behind the starlet sea anemone's extraordinary ability to adjust its body size according to food availability.
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PLOS Biology @plosbiology.org · 09/12/2025
How do animals with lifelong growth modulate cell #proliferation? @eudaldpascual.bsky.social @ktgarschall.bsky.social @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social show that starvation induces G1/G0 #CellCycle arrest in Vasa2+/Piwi1+ #SeaAnemone cells; cycle re-entry is TOR-dependent @plosbiology.org 🧪 plos.io/48J2o6P
Top:  The phylogenetic position of Nematostella and localization of Vasa2 +/Piwi1+ cells within the juvenile polyp body plan. (A) Simplified phylogenetic tree highlighting the phylogenetic position of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis and other animal taxa relevant for this study. All animal silhouettes are licensed under CC0,1.0 Universal Public domain and taken from https://www.phylopic.org. (B–D) Schematics showing the localization of Vasa2+/Piwi1+ cells in a juvenile polyp, depicted in longitudinal (B) or cross-section (C, D). (E) Schematic representation of the multipotent, Vasa2+/Piwi1+ stem/progenitor cell population and a simplified summary of their germinal and somatic progeny. (F) Schematics of cell cycle phases, highlighting the incorporation of EdU during S-phase (black line) and the phosphorylation of Histone H3 (pH3+) during metaphase. Bottom: Confocal image of two Vasa+/Piwi+ stem-like cells in the inner epithelial folds of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Immunolabelling of mOrange2-Piwi1 fusion protein (yellow) in a transgenic knock-in line combined with nuclear stain (white). Image credit: Paula Miramón-Puértolas.
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PLOS Biology @plosbiology.org · 09/12/2025
How do animals with lifelong growth modulate cell #proliferation? @eudaldpascual.bsky.social @ktgarschall.bsky.social @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social show that starvation induces G1/G0 #CellCycle arrest in Vasa2+/Piwi1+ #SeaAnemone cells; cycle re-entry is TOR-dependent @plosbiology.org 🧪 plos.io/48J2o6P
Top:  The phylogenetic position of Nematostella and localization of Vasa2 +/Piwi1+ cells within the juvenile polyp body plan. (A) Simplified phylogenetic tree highlighting the phylogenetic position of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis and other animal taxa relevant for this study. All animal silhouettes are licensed under CC0,1.0 Universal Public domain and taken from https://www.phylopic.org. (B–D) Schematics showing the localization of Vasa2+/Piwi1+ cells in a juvenile polyp, depicted in longitudinal (B) or cross-section (C, D). (E) Schematic representation of the multipotent, Vasa2+/Piwi1+ stem/progenitor cell population and a simplified summary of their germinal and somatic progeny. (F) Schematics of cell cycle phases, highlighting the incorporation of EdU during S-phase (black line) and the phosphorylation of Histone H3 (pH3+) during metaphase. Bottom: Confocal image of two Vasa+/Piwi+ stem-like cells in the inner epithelial folds of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Immunolabelling of mOrange2-Piwi1 fusion protein (yellow) in a transgenic knock-in line combined with nuclear stain (white). Image credit: Paula Miramón-Puértolas.
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Fabian Rentzsch @fabianrentzsch.bsky.social · 18/11/2025
Our paper on the role of neurons in Nematostella head regeneration is now out at @currentbiology.bsky.social Big thank you to all collaborators, it was a pleasure! Ectopic head regeneration after nervous system ablation in a sea anemone: Current Biology www.cell.com/current-biol...
cell.com
Ectopic head regeneration after nervous system ablation in a sea anemone
Via genetic ablation of neurons, Mazloumi Gavgani et al. show that the nervous system is essential for defining axial polarity during whole-body regeneration in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis.
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Alex de Mendoza @alexdemendoza.bsky.social · 18/11/2025
Out today, our take on 6-methyladenine #6mA evolution in Eukaryotes @natgenet.nature.com. We asked a simple question, is really DNA 6mA common across the eukaryotes? The answer is "yes" if you're a unicellular eukaryote 🦠, not so if you're multicellular 🐝🌱🍄. www.nature.com/articles/s41... 1/9
nature.com
Adenine DNA methylation associated with transcriptionally permissive chromatin is widespread across eukaryotes - Nature Genetics
Long-read sequencing in 18 unicellular eukaryotes reveals that 6mA is widespread across eukaryotes and is enriched at transcriptionally permissive regions, which are also marked by H3K4me3.
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Development @dev-journal.bsky.social · 03/11/2025
A molecular, spatial and regulatory atlas of the Hydra vulgaris nervous system Read this #LifelongDevSI #OA Techniques and Resources Article by Hannah Morris Little, Abby S. Primack, Jennifer Tsverov, Celina E. Juliano (@julianolab.bsky.social) and colleagues: doi.org/10.1242/dev....
Figure 3 - Neuropeptide expression delineates distinct neural circuits in H. vulgaris. Panels D and F - Top and middle: Immunostaining using an antibody against GLWa (green) reveals the RP1 circuit extending from the basal disk to the tentacles. Bottom: GLWa immunostaining in body column rings shows endodermal en1 neurons of the RP2 circuit.
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James Gahan @jgahan.bsky.social · 29/10/2025
Very happy to see our paper published online natcomms.nature.com. Thank you to @wellcometrust.bsky.social for funding this work during my time with @robklose.bsky.social and David Booth! Thanks also to collaborators @garcialabms.bsky.social @alexdemendoza.bsky.social and the other authors!
rdcu.be
Chromatin profiling identifies putative dual roles for H3K27me3 in regulating cell type-specific genes and transposable elements in choanoflagellates
Nature Communications - Here, the authors investigate chromatin-based gene regulation in the closest relative of animal, choanoflagellates. They uncover a putative dual role for the histone...
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Patrick Steinmetz @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social · 23/10/2025
If you need to move things fast…
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Bardin Lab @bardinlab.bsky.social · 23/10/2025
I am very excited to announce the opening of the submission site for the upcoming Conférences Jacques Monod on Developmental Biology, May 18-22, 2026 cjm.sb-roscoff.fr/en/conferenc... @lionlchristiaen.bsky.social and I have an exciting program of speakers and slots for selected short talks, etc.
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James Briscoe @jamesbriscoe.bsky.social · 07/10/2025
Very sad news, John Gurdon has died. A developmental biologist's developmental biologist, Nobel prize winner His work is the foundation of much of today's dev & stem cell bio. An inspiration to many, including me. Always asking questions & wanting the answers www.magd.cam.ac.uk/news/profess...
magd.cam.ac.uk
Professor Sir John Gurdon FRS (1933-2025) | Magdalene College
Magdalene College is deeply saddened to announce the death of Professor Sir John Gurdon FRS, who served as Master of the College from 1995 to 2002.
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Thibaut Brunet @thibautbrunet.bsky.social · 05/10/2025
Latest from ours: www.cell.com/cell-reports... This is two stories in one: a case study/cautionary tale on developing genetic tools in new organisms, and the first hint at a gene regulatory network for choanoflagellate multicellular development (which turn out to involve a Hippo/YAP/ECM loop!) A 🧵
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Patrick Steinmetz @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social · 25/09/2025
@malinkjosavik.bsky.social was fantastic giving her first talk at a conference!
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Michael Sars Centre @msarscentre.bsky.social · 25/09/2025
Fantastic presentation by @malinkjosavik.bsky.social at the Tutzing basal metazoan workshop 👏 She shared her work on starvation and metabolism in Nematostella, conducted in collaboration between the @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social lab and the Dept of Biomedicine @unibergen.bsky.social ✨
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Carl Zimmer @carlzimmer.com · 17/09/2025
How Did Hands Evolve? The Answer Is Behind You. (My story of some surprising evo-devo!) nyti.ms/42Cg8xH
Gray's Anatomy illustration of a hand
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Aurelie Hintermann @aurhin.bsky.social · 17/09/2025
Are digits modified fins, or evolutionary innovations? Read how we tackled this old question from a new angle🧪 A story with @chasebolt.bsky.social, @homeobox.bsky.social and myself, coordinated by @denisduboule.bsky.social from @college-de-france.fr and published in @nature.com today! #InHoxWeTrust
hoxd13a reporter in a zebrafish larva
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Thibaut Brunet @thibautbrunet.bsky.social · 09/09/2025
New short paper from our lab @currentbiology.bsky.social, in which we discover of a new mode of cell motility for choanoflagellates: flagellar gliding. www.cell.com/current-biol... - A 🧵
cell.com
Flagellar gliding in choanoflagellates
Freire-Delgado and Brunet discover a new mode of cell motility in choanoflagellates, the closest relatives of animals. Under mild confinement, choanoflagellate move over surfaces without cell deformat...
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Craig Kaplan @triggerloop.bsky.social · 03/09/2025
Look at this crazy thing! www.nature.com/articles/s41...
nature.com
One mother for two species via obligate cross-species cloning in ants - Nature
In a case of obligate cross-species cloning, female ants of Messor ibericus need to clone males of Messor structor to obtain sperm for producing the worker caste, resulting in males from the same moth...
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Luisa Cochella @lcochella.bsky.social · 03/09/2025
Our work on the function of miR-51/miR-100 is out! miR-100 is widely conserved across eumetazoans but its function has been mysterious. Emilio Santillán found in worms it regulates signaling and extracellular matrix genes, some of which seem to be conserved targets! www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
science.org
An ancient and essential miRNA family controls cellular interaction pathways in C. elegans
A microRNA that arose at the origin of eumetazoans regulates cell adhesion and signaling in C. elegans through conserved targets.
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ulrichtechnau.bsky.social @ulrichtechnau.bsky.social · 29/08/2025
Finally, the excellent postdoc work of Emmanuel Haillot is out, where he dissected the integration of Wnt, MAPK and Notch signaling in defining mesoderm and endoderm identities in the diploblast Nematostella. Strikingly similar to sea urchins. www.nature.com/articles/s41...
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Gaspar Jekely @jekely.biologists.social.ap.brid.gy · 28/08/2025
At long last, the version of record of our paper on the #Platynereis #connectome "Whole-body connectome of a segmented annelid larva" is out. Explore the rich online presentation with all the videos, figures and source data here: doi.org/10.7554/eLife.97964 @eLife @biology […]
biologists.social
Original post on biologists.social
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Michael Sars Centre @msarscentre.bsky.social · 26/08/2025
Congratulations Dr. Fournon Berodia @inesfournon.bsky.social 🎉🤩 We are very proud of Inés for successfully defending her PhD thesis conducted in the @prhsteinmetz.bsky.social lab. Thank you to opponents @ragkousik.bsky.social & @levayerr.bsky.social for insightful discussions 👏
Inés Fournon Berodia presents in front of an audience. She is wearing a black blazer and a white shirt. The slide on the screen has a black background, and reads "Hallmarks of epithelial cell extrusion". Below the title, a schematic of an epithelium, and the following text in bullet points: "Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)", "Facilitate extrusion" and "Protect surrounding cells"Ines Fournon Berodia smiles widely, holding in place on her head a customized graduation hat.
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