Bacteriophage tailspike proteins (TSPs) degrade bacterial capsules to enable infection, yet the molecular determinants of their function and host range remain unclear. We applied deep mutational scann...

Biology is often seen as an experimental science, with theory serving to generalize patterns from empirical data. But history reveals that theory plays a more generative role in discovery itself.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans...

Plasmids are central tools in biotechnology, yet their copy number is often treated as fixed. This study shows that plasmid copy number can be dynamically controlled to tune gene expression, growth, stability, and DNA transfer across bacterial hosts, expanding the flexibility and predictability of engineered biological systems.

Theory can help address cell and molecular biology’s major challenges, particularly those arising from large omics datasets.

Abstract. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering increasingly demand predictable and interoperable gene expression across phylogenetically distant org

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Bacterial ribosomes can synthesize proteins encoded within their own RNA.

Abstract. In recent years, tremendous advances have been made in predicting protein structures and protein–protein interactions, but progress on RNA struct

The convergence of synthetic biology, AI, and automation creates new challenges for regulatory frameworks. In this Perspective, the authors analyse national regulations and propose the SynBioxAI regul...

AbstractAdvances in artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) have transformed protein design by enabling efficient exploration of vast sequence

Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) are engineered, chromosome-scale DNA molecules that replicate and segregate autonomously in mammalian cells, offering a unique platform for large, stable, nonintegr...

Cultivation-dependent techniques, computational analyses and genome-scale metabolic models show widespread amino acid auxotrophies, suggesting that soil microorganisms exist within integrated ecologic...

Cellular processes often exhibit irreversible state transitions even after external signals responsible for a transition are withdrawn. Long-standi...

Transcription underpins the expression of genetic information and is viewed as a series of independent initiation and termination events. In bacteria, promoters and terminators of transcription are th...

Electronic circuit boards carry out different operations on the basis of the configuration of their components. Now, equivalent biological circuits are engineered that compute functions on the basis o...

Genome size varies widely across eukaryotes, largely because of differences in non-coding DNA, but the physiological consequences of this variation remain unclear. To directly test how non-coding DNA ...

Abstract. To successfully transfer, conjugative plasmids must overcome a recipient cell’s defence mechanisms. The leading region of many plasmids—the first