Infantile amnesia is not simply a story about forgetting the past. It is an opportunity to understand how memory itself is built.

Two Arts faculty members, Dr. Stanley Floresco and Dr. David Metzer, have been elected Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada.

University of California, Davis is hiring. Apply now!

Daniel Levenstein explains how internally generated brain activity during sleep shapes our cognition, and why NeuroAI is such a powerful approach.

Neuronal and glial mitochondria support neuronal circuit function and plasticity through the supply of energetic substrates and the regulation of cellular physiology. Sandi and colleagues describe how...

He won the Nobel Prize for his work on immunology and then went on to define the field of learning and memory.

DeepOF: An open-source Python library for mouse behavioral analysis.

On the nature of autobiographical memory

A new study examines how distinct neuronal ensembles underlie the encoding and retrieval of complex spatial memories. The paper also explores how dist…

We're excited to invite applications for the 2026 Paris Miniscope Workshop, hosted at ESPCI Paris and organized by Daniel Aharoni (UCLA), Denise Cai and Tristan Shuman (Icahn School of Medicine Mount ...

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans...

The third-annual CAN satellite event, bringing together Canadian neuroscientists studying circuits and behaviour.

Tan et al. identify a neuromodulatory circuit-to-molecular pathway in rats that updates aversive memories when they are recalled. Noradrenaline from the locus coeruleus triggers synapse-to-nuclear tra...

Episodic memory is a declarative long-term memory of a specific past experience. As such, it is multifaceted, encompassing both the objective and subjective components of that experience. These components can be flexibly represented at different levels of granularity, from precise, context-specific details to generalized, gistlike representations. In this review, we suggest that 1) multiple representations of an episodic memory at different levels of granularity are simultaneously encoded into a memory trace and 2) the relative weighting of these representations determines the extent to which a memory is reconstructed or reproduced at retrieval. We propose that this representational flexibility drives adaptive behavior by prioritizing reconstruction or reproduction depending on the age of the memory, its relationship to prior knowledge, current attentional goals or task demands, and individual differences. Drawing on research in humans and nonhuman animals, we show a close correspondence between psychological and neural representations of a memory across encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. Specifically, we discuss how hippocampal activity in humans and engram formation and activation in rodents support the reproduction of detailed memory representations, whereas schema formation across species, mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex, facilitates reconstruction and generalization to guide behavior. Finally, we consider how species- and individual-level differences shape episodic memory representations. By integrating findings across species, we illustrate how the correspondence between neural and psychological representations enables multiple memory representations to balance stability and flexibility, ultimately driving adaptive behavior.

Mice were male C57BL/6J mice (000664) and male Vglut1-cre mice (023527) mice obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor) and male Glt1-G-CaMP740 mice obtained from RIKEN BioResource Research Center (G7NG817, RBRC09650). Mice were at least 8 weeks old at the time of surgery, before which they were group-housed in a temperature (72 ± 5 °F) and humidity (45 ± 15%) controlled vivarium under a 12 h–12 h light–dark cycle (lights on 06:00). After surgery, the mice were single housed to prevent cage mates from damaging intracranial implants. Experimental procedures were approved by the NIAAA and National Institute of Natural Sciences Animal Care and Use Committees and followed the NIH guidelines outlined in ‘Using Animals in Intramural Research’ and the local Animal Care and Use Committees. General surgical and histological procedures Surgery To target injection of viral constructs, optic fibres and GRIN lenses, mice were placed in a stereotaxic alignment system (Kopf Instruments) under isoflurane anaesthesia. Unless stated otherwise, viral constructs (see the relevant sections for details) were unilaterally (one-photon imaging, fibre photometry) or bilaterally (behavioural experiments, single-unit recordings) infused into the BLA in a volume of 0.36 µl over 10 min using a pulled-glass capillary (Drummond Scientific, 2-000-001; tip diameter,...

Dopamine suppresses GABA release from striatal terminals in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Molinari et al. recently demonstrated that this suppression is frequency-dependent—instituting a high-...

Misty Heggeness released “Swiftynomics,” a book explaining how female economic power radiates from the music star.

Abstract. Post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNAs by alternative polyadenylation (APA) generates a diversity of transcript isoforms at the 3’ untransl

Studying how organisms infer indirect threats and understand changing contexts can establish a common framework that bridges species and levels of analysis.

Memories are stored in a sparse population of neurons active at the time of an event, an engram ensemble, and reactivation of the engram ensemble drives memory recall. Although the amygdala is essent...