Ni et al. show that epigenetic phase variation (ePV)—gene expression changes mediated by bacterial DNA methylation—is prevalent in the human gut microbiome and associated with fluctuating environments...

Phages install chemically complex DNA hypermodifications as anti-defense strategies. Here, the authors uncover transfer and rearrangement of glycine on dA driven by Mom, a tRNA-dependent DNA aminoacyl...

Defense-associated reverse transcriptases (DRTs) are widespread bacterial anti-phage systems that use unconventional mechanisms of polynucleotide synthesis. We show that DRT3, which comprises two dist...

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Success of phage therapies is limited by bacterial defenses against phages. While a large variety of anti-phage defense mechanisms has been characterized, how expression of these systems is distribute...

tRNA Q34 modification impacts tyrosine codon decoding and leads to proteome reprogramming in response to antibiotic stress in Vibrio cholerae.

Transposable element exonization by unannotated splicing events produces stable protein isoforms with acquired functions that are subject to evolutionary selection.