Bacterial defence systems are diverse and form major barriers to horizontal gene transfer and bacteriophage (phage) infection. Though restriction-modification systems were the first such defences disc...

Cultured phage collections provide essential access to viral biology, but they capture only a small and biased fraction of natural phage diversity. Key barriers to diverse phage isolation are likely t...

Bacteria and archaea encode on average ten antiphage systems. Quorum sensing, cellular, or transcription factors can regulate specific systems (CRISPR-Cas, CBASS). Yet, a systematic assessment of anti...

Only a fraction of bacterial genomes encode CRISPR-Cas systems but the selective causes of this variation are unexplained. How naturally virulent bacteriophages (phages) select for CRISPR immunity has...

CRISPR-Cas systems can provide adaptive, heritable immunity to their prokaryotic hosts against invading genetic material such as phages. It is clear that the importance of acquiring CRISPR-Cas immunit...

Bacteria evolve resistance against their phage foes with a wide range of resistance strategies whose costs and benefits depend on the level of protection they confer and on the costs for maintainance....

CRISPR-Cas systems are diverse, with microbes harboring multiple classes and subtypes. Type I DNA-targeting and type III RNA-targeting systems often c…

The authors examine several defense systems and find that increased expression enhances their protection range, albeit at a cost of autoimmunity.

Abstract. Type III CRISPR systems detect non-self RNA and activate the enzymatic Cas10 subunit, which generates nucleotide second messengers for activation

The ATP- and CTP-dependent ParA-ParB-parS segrosome is a macromolecular complex that segregates chromosomes/plasmids in most bacterial species. CTP...

Mahler et al. describe a phage DNA modification that adds arabinose to cytosines via a hydroxy linkage. This 5ara-hC modification can be further modified to double and triple arabinosylation by phage-...