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Mike DeArmond

@mdearmond.bsky.social
79 followers 195 following 5 posts

Editing, writing, and research at CALDER & AIR. Sounders fan, opinions are my own.

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Reposted by Mike DeArmond
SPARC Center @sparccenter.bsky.social · 25/09/2026
📢Save the date for an upcoming webinar with the National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD) and SPARC! 💡The State of LD: Building a Stronger Education Workforce 🗓️ Oct. 28 | 2–3 PM ET
Save the date flyer for the webinar 'The State of LD: Building a Stronger Education Workforce,' hosted by the National Center for Learning Disabilities and the SPARC Center, on October 28 from 2–3 PM ET. Text notes research insights from NCLD and the SPARC Center. Background photo shows a teacher helping a young student at a desk in a classroom, with another student writing in the background.
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Ian Callen @iancallen.bsky.social · 12/08/2026
New paper! w/ @edizonross.bsky.social, @cedr.bsky.social, Tom Kane, Andrew McEachin, and @ermorton.bsky.social. We know the pandemic hit student test scores hard. But what happened to attendance, discipline, and grades? Did ESSER-funded intervention programs affect students on these measures?
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SPARC Center @sparccenter.bsky.social · 08/07/2026
🛣️ How have pathways into #SpecialEducation teaching changed over time? Our experts will explore trends in teacher preparation across our partner states and what the trends mean for strengthening the special education workforce. Register today: binghamton.zoom.us/meeting/regi...
Promotional graphic for an upcoming SPARC Center webinar titled “Mapping Pathways: Trends in Special Education Teacher Preparation Over Time Across SPARC States.” The webinar will take place on August 19 at 2 p.m. ET and features Li Feng, SPARC Center Co-Principal Investigator, and Tuan Nguyen, SPARC Center Key Personnel, Quantitative Analysis Team. The graphic has a dark blue background with white text, circular speaker headshots, and SPARC branding at the bottom, including the website sparccenter.org. The SPARC logo appears at the bottom left.
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 24/06/2026
📰 New @brookings.edu article from CALDER’s @zeyuxu.bsky.social & @brbackes.bsky.social: Corequisite remediation in KY yields better outcomes than prerequisites (particularly in English & QR math), but the benefits are small relative to no remediation. Full article: www.brookings.edu/articles/new...
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Gema Zamarro @gzamarro.bsky.social · 15/06/2026
“Too often, discussions about teaching are driven by assumptions, isolated experiences, or national narratives that may not reflect what is happening in the aggregate across Arkansas” www.arkansasonline.com/news/2026/ju...
arkansasonline.com
OPINION | JOSH McGEE AND GEMA ZAMARRO: The status of Arkansas teachers | Arkansas Democrat Gazette
If you follow public discussions about education, you might conclude that teaching is a profession in crisis.
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Mike DeArmond @mdearmond.bsky.social · 09/06/2026
Paul Hill and Lydia Rainey from @crpe.bsky.social make a sobering case in @the74.bsky.social for more transparency about district budget woes—including the possibility of layoffs. Worth reading. bit.ly/43Xpvbz
bit.ly
The Financial Realities Faced by School Districts Are Worse Than You Think
Hill and Rainey: Most school district leaders know their finances are in serious trouble. Most aren’t saying so publicly. That is part of the problem.
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 29/05/2026
Thanks to everyone who joined our CALDER webinar yesterday on post-pandemic tutoring and summer school academic recovery with Emily Morton! Missed it? Watch the recording here: 🔗 bit.ly/4uxPVwi
bit.ly
Video Conferencing, Web Conferencing, Webinars, Screen Sharing
Zoom is the leader in modern enterprise video communications, with an easy, reliable cloud platform for video and audio conferencing, chat, and webinars across mobile, desktop, and room systems. Zoom ...
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 27/05/2026
📢 TOMORROW: How did districts implement academic interventions following COVID—and what moved the needle for student learning? Hear findings from @nwea.bsky.social’s Emily Morton during a live webinar tomorrow at 2 PM ET. Register: bit.ly/4dLRnoP
Webinar on May 28 at 2:00 PM ET titled “Examining the Implementation and Impacts of Post-Pandemic Tutoring and Summer School Academic Recovery Initiatives,” featuring Emily Morton, Lead Researcher at NWEA
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 21/05/2026
📢 Webinar alert: How did districts deliver tutoring & summer learning post-COVID, and what made a real difference for students? Join @nwea.bsky.social's Emily Morton on May 28 at 2 PM ET for a live webinar where she'll share the latest evidence. Register: bit.ly/4dLRnoP
Webinar on May 28 at 2:00 PM ET titled “Examining the Implementation and Impacts of Post-Pandemic Tutoring and Summer School Academic Recovery Initiatives,” featuring Emily Morton, Lead Researcher at NWEA
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 15/05/2026
📣 Save the date: May 28 @ 2 PM ET Join @nwea.bsky.social's Emily Morton for a live webinar as she shares findings on tutoring and summer learning interventions used by districts to support academic recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic. Register 👉 bit.ly/4dLRnoP
Webinar on May 28 at 2:00 PM ET titled “Examining the Implementation and Impacts of Post-Pandemic Tutoring and Summer School Academic Recovery Initiatives,” featuring Emily Morton, Lead Researcher at NWEA
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SPARC Center @sparccenter.bsky.social · 30/04/2026
How often do special educators become school leaders? During our upcoming webinar, Abby Foley, @roddy-theobald.bsky.social, LaRon Scott, and Jinseok Shin will discuss our findings. Register to attend: binghamton.zoom.us/meeting/regi...
Graphic promoting an upcoming webinar titled “Leading Beyond the Classroom: Pathways from Special Educator to School Leader,” scheduled for May 18 at 2:00 p.m. ET. The speakers listed are Abby Foley (Lead IDEA Center Director), Roddy Theobald (SPARC Center Co‑Principal Investigator), LaRon Scott (SPARC Center Co‑Principal Investigator), and Jinseok Shin (University of Texas–Austin Research Fellow). The SPARC Center logo and website, sparccenter.org, appear at the bottom.
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SPARC Center @sparccenter.bsky.social · 28/04/2026
📢 Applications for the SPARC Scholars Program close soon! We look forward to collaborating with a new cohort of early-career researchers to conduct rigorous, policy-relevant research. Apply by May 1: sparccenter.org/sparc-center...
Promotional graphic with a header of “Scholars Program” and subtext of “Apply for SPARC Center Scholars Program by May 1, 2026”. The SPARC Center logo is featured in the graphic’s bottom left corner and it includes the website sparccenter.org
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AEFP Live Handbook @aefplivehandbook.bsky.social · 23/04/2026
The Live Handbook is continually evolving. Thanks to contributions from our authors, new chapters covering topics like international students in higher education and test-based grade retention in K–12 are now live. Learn more: livehandbook.org
livehandbook.org
Evidence-Based Education Policy Research | Live Handbook
Explore evidence-based education policy research at our digital hub. Access data-driven insights to improve learning outcomes and shape effective policies.
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 22/04/2026
Thanks to everyone who joined us for the four-day school week webinar with Emily Morton and @andrewmcamp.com! If you missed the event, you can view a recording here: caldercenter.org/events/calde...
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SPARC Center @sparccenter.bsky.social · 21/04/2026
Join us for an upcoming webinar discussing recent findings about #SpecialEducation teachers moving into leadership positions in VA, WA, & TX. Speakers include LaRon Scott, Abby Foley, @roddy-theobald.bsky.social, and Jinseok Shin. 🗓️May 18th, 2 PM ET 🔗Register: binghamton.zoom.us/meeting/regi...
Graphic promoting an upcoming webinar titled “Leading Beyond the Classroom: Pathways from Special Educator to Administrator,” scheduled for May 18 at 2:00 p.m. ET. The speakers listed are Abby Foley (Lead IDEA Center Director), Roddy Theobald (SPARC Center Co‑Principal Investigator), LaRon Scott (SPARC Center Co‑Principal Investigator), and Jinseok Shin (University of Texas–Austin, to be determined). The SPARC Center logo and website, sparccenter.org, appear at the bottom.
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 20/04/2026
📢 Just TWO days away! Join Emily Morton and @andrewmcamp.com this Wednesday, April 22 @ 1 PM ET for a webinar exploring the latest research on four‑day school weeks—what the evidence shows and how it can inform district decision‑making. Register ➡️ bit.ly/4rNbwP3
CALDER Webinar: The Four-Day School Week: New Evidence for District Leaders and Policymakers
Featuring Emily Morton and Andrew Camp

Wednesday, April 22 at 1:00 ET
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Dan Goldhaber @cedr.bsky.social · 17/04/2026
Policymakers/practitioners, interested in improving your teacher hiring? I got a chance to participate in a terrific NASDTEC webinar on recruitment and selection processes. Here's a recording of the event: www.nasdtec.net/page/PECWebi...
nasdtec.net
PEC Open Discussion Webinar
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Cara Jackson @carajackson.bsky.social · 15/04/2026
Presidential Essay: @aefpweb.bsky.social's Role in an Evidence-Informed Education Ecosystem via @efpjournal.bsky.social direct.mit.edu/edfp/article...
direct.mit.edu
Presidential Essay: AEFP’s Role in an Evidence-Informed Education Ecosystem
Historically, the U.S. federal government has invested in education research as a public good, with the implicit assumption that such research can support more efficient and effective educational oppo...
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Matthew A Kraft @matthewakraft.com · 08/04/2026
Friends - please help amplify and share in your networks. This small conference will convene multidisciplinary researchers w/ practitioners, non-profit organizers, & policymakers to share cutting-edge research on 🎓+🌎. We have only 25 spots left. Join us!
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 06/04/2026
Four‑day school weeks are gaining traction—but do they deliver on their promises? Hear new findings from @nwea.bsky.social's Emily Morton & @annenberginstitute.bsky.social's @andrewmcamp.com on April 22 at 1 PM ET. Register: bit.ly/4rNbwP3
CALDER Webinar: The Four-Day School Week: New Evidence for District Leaders and Policymakers

Featuring Emily Morton and Andrew Camp
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Andrew Camp @andrewmcamp.com · 26/03/2026
Excited to talk about some of the research surrounding 4DSWs in just a couple weeks; Register and join us ⬇️⬇️⬇️
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 24/03/2026
🎙️In part 3 of NASDTEC's series on teacher hiring, CALDER's @cedr.bsky.social shares research from Spokane Public Schools showing how districts can improve teacher hiring with streamlined professional reference ratings. Listen here: nasdtec.podbean.com/e/wgo-with-t...
nasdtec.podbean.com
WGO with Teacher Hiring and How LEAs can be more Effective Part 3 with Dan Goldhaber | NASDTEC Podcasts
In this, the 3rd part of a three part series on teacher hiring, Dan Goldhaber, the Director of the Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data and Education Research (CALDER), which is joint project with...
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Dan Goldhaber @cedr.bsky.social · 23/03/2026
Terrific Kevin Mahnken piece on our new paper on which teacher applicants are making it through the hiring pipeline. We were surprised by the demographic differences, especially for Asian applicants. Here's the paper: caldercenter.org/publications... www.the74million.org/article/scho...
the74million.org
Schools Hire Asian Teachers at Half the Rate of Other Groups, Research Finds
Asian teaching candidates are more likely to boast an advanced degree, but less likely to get a job offer, according to a study of hiring data.
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Paul Bruno @paul-bruno.com · 13/03/2026
There's a related upcoming webinar, too! Info here: www.nasdtec.net/events/Event...
nasdtec.net
National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education and Certification
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 10/03/2026
Answering key questions about clinical practice starts with better data. A new CALDER & @nctq.bsky.social brief offers a clear framework and lessons from six states on how to build and use clinical practice data systems. Read ➡️ caldercenter.org/publications...
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UCL Centre for Education Policy & Equalising Opportunities @cepeo-ucl.bsky.social · 09/03/2026
Join us this week for the next instalment of the CEPEO seminar series. Dr David Blazar will share his research on the evaluation of a "Grow-Your-Own" teacher recruitment programme in Maryland. 🕒Thu 12th Mar, 3-4pm 📍Online or at B06, Drayton House, WC1H 0AX Sign up: ucl.zoom.us/webinar/regi...
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SPARC Center @sparccenter.bsky.social · 02/03/2026
📢Just launched: the SPARC Center Scholars Program! This program aims to support early career scholars in conducting rigorous research on the #SpecialEducation teacher workforce. Learn more and apply by May 1: sparccenter.org/sparc-center...
Promotional graphic that announces the launch of the SPARC Center Scholars Program. It includes that applications are due by May 1, 2026. The SPARC Center logo is featured in the graphic’s bottom left corner and it includes the website sparccenter.org
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Cara Jackson @carajackson.bsky.social · 02/03/2026
#CALDER2026 really interesting work on school principals
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Cara Jackson @carajackson.bsky.social · 02/03/2026
The Effects of Teacher Strikes on Compensation, Working Conditions, and Productivity #CALDER2026 caldercenter.org/publications...
caldercenter.org
The Effects of Teacher Strikes on Compensation, Working Conditions, and Productivity | CALDER Center
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Cara Jackson @carajackson.bsky.social · 02/03/2026
Great paper on the effect of Arkansas LEARNS act on teacher turnover! #CALDER2026 caldercenter.org/publications...
caldercenter.org
Raising the Floor: Teacher Retention Effects of a Statewide Minimum Salary Increase | CALDER Center
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Cara Jackson @carajackson.bsky.social · 02/03/2026
Very cool opportunity for early career researchers interested in special education research: Apply for access to at least one statewide longitudinal dataset with support from SPARC researchers to conduct a co-developed study on the special education workforce. sparccenter.org/sparc-center...
sparccenter.org
SPARC Center Scholars Program | SPARC Center
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SPARC Center @sparccenter.bsky.social · 26/02/2026
💡In a recent podcast, SPARC Center’s @afgilmour.bsky.social discusses the primary causes of #SpecialEducation teacher shortages, and how schools can address them.
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Gema Zamarro @gzamarro.bsky.social · 26/02/2026
Check out our new @caldercenter.bsky.social working paper studying the effects of AR LEARNS teacher base salary raises on retention caldercenter.org/publications...
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Gema Zamarro @gzamarro.bsky.social · 25/02/2026
Can’t wait to present and discuss our new results 👇
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Andrew Camp @andrewmcamp.com · 25/02/2026
What happens when you shrink salary differences between districts, increase beginning teacher pay by over $10,000, and compress salary schedules? @gzamarro.bsky.social, @jbmcgee.bsky.social, @taylornwilson.bsky.social, Miranda Vernon, and I find out in our new CALDER working paper: bit.ly/4l4b5hO
Title page for "Raising the Floor: Teacher Retention Effects of a Statewide Minimum Salary Increase"Histograms showing the increase in teacher salaries for beginning teachers and teachers with 5 years of experience. These figures show a large increase in salaries while also showing substantial compression, indicating that pay differentials between districts shrunk.
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 24/02/2026
What do we know about the impact of principals on teachers' working conditions? New CALDER paper from Ataur Rahaman & Cory Koedel uses data from IL to explore this relationship. 🔗https://bit.ly/4kQRpxC (1/2)
Principal Effects on Teacher Working Conditions 
Ataur Rahaman & Cory Koedel 
CALDER Working Paper No. 335-0226 
February 2026 

Abstract: Research on school principals highlights their role in shaping teachers’ work environments, but most evidence is qualitative or correlational. We provide plausibly causal estimates of how principals affect a broad swath of teacher working conditions using data from Illinois, where the State Board of Education collects detailed and comprehensive information annually on teacher working conditions in nearly all schools. We estimate the variance of principal effects by comparing correlations in working conditions over time in schools that do and do not experience principal changes. Under reasonable stationarity assumptions, the difference in the correlations can be used to back out the variance of principal effects. Unsurprisingly, we find principals have large effects on working conditions related to leadership directly. They also influence teachers’ professional work environments and their interactions with students and families, though their effects on these broader indicators are much smaller, particularly the latter.
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American Institutes for Research @airinforms.bsky.social · 19/02/2026
Don’t miss the 17th Annual @caldercenter.bsky.social Conference on 3/2 in Arlington, featuring research on teacher working conditions, retention, and a forward‑looking panel on the future of education research and policy. Register: caldercenter.org/events/17th-annual…
Roundtable discussion flyer for "What's Next? Education Research and Policy at a Crossroads" at Calder Conference 2026 on Monday, March 2. Speakers: Amber Northern, Cara Jackson, Nat Malkus. Moderator: Dan Goldhaber. Logos of Calder Center and AIR at the bottom.
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 18/02/2026
📢 #CALDER2026 is less than TWO weeks away! Join us on Monday 3/2 in Arlington, VA for a one-day conference featuring research from CALDER experts & discussion between researchers, policymakers & practitioners. Register ➡️ caldercenter.org/events/17th-... @cedr.bsky.social @airinforms.bsky.social
17th Annual CALDER Research Conference
March 2, 2026
8:30 AM - 3:45 PM ET
Arlington, VA
Register at caldercenter.org
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 17/02/2026
While the difference between a five-day school week & a four-day school week calendar seems straightforward, in practice, it can be unclear how different they actually are. New CALDER brief by Emily Morton & Jamie Klinenberg uses TX data to unpack variation in school schedules. Read 👉 bit.ly/46N5KW3
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Calendar Confusion: Unpacking Variation in the Four-Day School Week | CALDER Center
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 17/02/2026
We're at a crossroads—what's next for education policy and research? Join us at #CALDER2026 on March 2 for a roundtable discussion with @carajackson.bsky.social, Nat Malkus (AEI), Amber Northern (U.S. Department of Education), and @cedr.bsky.social. Register 👉 caldercenter.org/events/17th-...
:15 p.m.—3:45 p.m.  Roundtable Discussion: What’s Next? Education Research and Policy at a Crossroads 

Panelists

Amber Northern, Senior Advisor, Office of the Secretary, US Department of Education

Cara Jackson, Research Manager, The Center for Outcomes Based Contracting (OBC) at Southern Education Foundation

Nat Malkus, Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Education Policy Studies, AEI

Moderator: Dan Goldhaber, CALDER/AIR
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Andrew Camp @andrewmcamp.com · 13/02/2026
Just saw @gzamarro.bsky.social give a preview of this work and can confidently say that if you're interested in teacher retention and/or compensation - YOU WILL WANT TO BE THERE. Just a couple weeks away. Register soon!
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 12/02/2026
What factors determine who becomes a teacher? Join us at the 2026 CALDER Conference on March 2 to dig into teacher preparation and hiring pipelines with John Krieg (WWU), @brbackes.bsky.social, @cedr.bsky.social, and Sara DeLano (Dallas College). Register now 👉 caldercenter.org/events/17th-...
12:45 p.m.—2:15 p.m. SESSION III: Who Becomes a Teacher? Selection Across the Preparation and Hiring Pipelines

The Beginning of the Teacher Pipeline: Which College Students Apply to Teacher Education Programs?
Presenter: John Krieg, Western Washington University

Method or Measure? Investigating the Teacher Learning Curve Across Multiple Student Outcomes
Presenter: Ben Backes, CALDER/AIR

School System Selection Processes and Workforce Composition
Presenter: Dan Goldhaber, CALDER/AIR
 
Discussant: Sara Delano, Dean, School of Education, Dallas College
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 11/02/2026
What makes teachers stay? Join us at the 2026 CALDER Conference on March 2 to dig into teacher retention with @andrewmcamp.com, @gzamarro.bsky.social, @roddy-theobald.bsky.social, and the Texas Education Agency's Mark Olofson. Register now 👉 caldercenter.org/events/17th-...
10:45 a.m.—12:15 p.m. SESSION II: Evidence on What Makes Teachers Stay: Schedules, Salaries, and School Leaders

Teacher Retention and the Four-Day School Week
Presenter: Andrew Camp, Annenberg Institute at Brown University
 
Teacher Salary Raises and Teacher Turnover: Evidence from the Arkansas LEARNS Act
Presenter: Gema Zamarro, University of Arkansas/CALDER R&R

Principals’ Special Education Experience and Special Education Teacher Retention
Presenter: Roddy Theobald, CALDER/AIR
 
Discussant: Mark Olofson, Executive Director of Education Data, Research, and Strategy, Texas Education Agency
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Dan Goldhaber @cedr.bsky.social · 09/02/2026
My anxiety countdown has officially started!
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 09/02/2026
📢 #CALDER2026 is just THREE weeks away! Join us on Monday, March 2 in Arlington, VA for a one-day conference featuring research from CALDER & discussion between researchers, policymakers & practitioners. Register ➡️ caldercenter.org/events/17th-... @cedr.bsky.social @airinforms.bsky.social
17th Annual CALDER Research Conference
March 2, 2026
8:30 AM - 3:45 PM ET
Arlington, VA
Register at caldercenter.org
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 06/02/2026
📰 CALDER's Fall/Winter 2025-26 Newsletter is now out! Click below to read about our latest work and to register for the upcoming CALDER Conference. 👉 icont.ac/51dGH
CALDER Fall/Winter 2025-2026 Newsletter
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 04/02/2026
We're at a crossroads—what's next for education policy and research? Join us at #CALDER2026 on March 2 for a roundtable discussion with @carajackson.bsky.social, Nat Malkus (AEI), Amber Northern (U.S. Department of Education), and @cedr.bsky.social. 📝Register now: caldercenter.org/events/17th-...
2:15 p.m.—3:45 p.m.  Roundtable Discussion: What’s Next? Education Research and Policy at a Crossroads 

Panelists

Amber Northern, Senior Advisor, Office of the Secretary, US Department of Education

Cara Jackson, Research Manager, The Center for Outcomes Based Contracting (OBC) at Southern Education Foundation

Nat Malkus, Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Education Policy Studies, AEI

Moderator: Dan Goldhaber, CALDER/AIR
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CALDER Center @caldercenter.bsky.social · 02/02/2026
What factors determine who becomes a teacher? Join us at the 2026 CALDER Conference on March 2 to dig into teacher preparation and hiring pipelines with John Krieg (WWU), @brbackes.bsky.social, @cedr.bsky.social, and Sara DeLano (Dallas College). 📝 Register now: caldercenter.org/events/17th-...
12:45 p.m.—2:15 p.m. SESSION III: Who Becomes a Teacher? Selection Across the Preparation and Hiring Pipelines

The Beginning of the Teacher Pipeline: Which College Students Apply to Teacher Education Programs?
Presenter: John Krieg, Western Washington University

Method or Measure? Investigating the Teacher Learning Curve Across Multiple Student Outcomes
Presenter: Ben Backes, CALDER/AIR

School System Selection Processes and Workforce Composition
Presenter: Dan Goldhaber, CALDER/AIR
 
Discussant: Sara Delano, Dean, School of Education, Dallas College
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Esther Lindström @estherlindstrom.bsky.social · 02/02/2026
🌟New publication!🌟 Check out our study on dual licensure policies and special education teacher preparation numbers in JREE. Pleased to share this final pub from our @aeraedresearch.bsky.social research grant! doi.org/10.1080/1934... @kimberlymcfadden.bsky.social
How State Dual Licensure Policies Relate to the Number of Prepared Teachers in Special Education
Jihyun Kim, Esther R. Lindström, and Kimberly McFadden
a Department of Education, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Korea; b Department of Special Education, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; c Iowa Reading Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
ABSTRACT
As more students with disabilities are educated in inclusive classrooms, dual licensure policies have emerged as a promising strategy to improve the quality of special education teaching. However, there are concerns that these policies might worsen the chronic shortage of special education teachers by introducing additional requirements for teaching candidates. This study seeks to explore these concerns by examining the association between state dual licensure policies and the number of prepared special education teachers. We analyzed Title II data in conjunction with policy enactment data collected from various sources in three states. Our findings indicate that, overall, the policy was not significantly associated with the number of prepared teachers. We discuss these results in the context of their implications for future research and policy. 

ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 28 January 2025
Revised 10 December 2025
Accepted 12 December 2025
KEYWORDS
Teacher licensure; special education; dual licensure policies
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