Voltage-gated ion channels do not distribute evenly in the plasma membrane of a neuron; they localize to distinct domains where they govern the exc...

In this Analysis, Rupprecht et al. investigate the behavior of GCaMP8 variants in spike inference using several different algorithms. They highlight the role of the indicators’ linearity in the infere...

Two-photon calcium imaging is a standard tool for measuring neuronal population activity in vivo , yet how axial resolution, sensor expression strategy, and analysis pipeline jointly affect data accur...

FlatMux is an optimized microscope system for multiplexed two-photon imaging of neuronal activity with genetically encoded voltage sensors. The flexible system is demonstrated in a variety of scenario...

Throughout the mammalian cortex, populations of neurons must work together to enact behaviors. While population recordings in motor cortex have revealed many aspects of when neurons fire during behavi...

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) enable minimally invasive, cell‑type‑specific optical measurements of neuronal membrane potential with millisecond temporal resolution. Red‑shifted GEVIs...

Frog metamorphosis reveals how spinal circuits adapt to new motor demands. Vijatovic et al. demonstrate that the shift from tail- to limb-based locomotion coincides with expansion and diversification ...

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We’ve documented more than 100 instances of apparent data manipulation in Thermo’s catalog

PinkyCaMP is a red genetically encoded calcium indicator with improved brightness and photostability. Derived from mScarlet, it does not exhibit photoswitching upon blue light illumination and is ther...

In this manuscript we present BeeHive, a standardized, open-source hardware electronics ecosystem designed to address challenges faced by researchers when developing custom scientific equipment. Beehive is flexible and interoperable, since it is organised around minimal design rules. It consists of a microcontroller-based mainboard and function-specific Daughter Boards (DBs) for controlling actuators or reading sensors, allowing researchers to rapidly combine and repurpose components to build complex, specialized systems. This modular approach significantly reduces the time and cost associated with instrumentation development, promoting effective collaboration through shared, standardized solutions. The platform's versatility is demonstrated across several neuroscience applications, including a reward delivery system for head-fixed mice, a modular mouse maze, and an odour stimulator, alongside a dedicated Training DB and curriculum designed to teach electronics and MicroPython programming in an integrated, project-based manner. By embracing open-source principles for hardware and software, BeeHive lowers the barrier to entry for researchers in developing their own setups, fostering greater accessibility, reproducibility, and innovation. The system is also discipline agnostic, and could be used to create tools in different fields.

The genetically encoded voltage indicators JEDI3sub and JEDI3hyp enhance monitoring of subthreshold neuronal activity in the awake mouse brain using a variety of two-photon microscopy techniques.

Join vision scientists and neurobiologists to explore retinal development, disease, and repair, with insights into visual processing and disorders.

Olfactory sensing begins with the transduction of odors into receptor currents on the dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). In insects and many other arthropods, ORNs are grouped stereotypically in hair-like sensilla on the surface of olfactory organs, enabling mutual inhibition through non-synaptic 'ephaptic' interactions (NSIs). Given the electrical, and therefore virtually instantaneous, nature of NSIs, it has been hypothesized that they contribute to processing fast temporal elements of mixed odor plumes. Here, we present single sensillum recordings and computational modeling that characterize NSIs during short offset dual-odor stimulations in the olfactory sensilla of adult female Drosophila melanogaster. We find in the experiments that the magnitude of inhibition between co-housed ORNs cannot be predicted by their instantaneous activity (firing rate) alone. It is adaptation-dependent, with strong effects only occurring when the inhibited ORN is adapted. This limits the usefulness of NSIs for fast odor processing when ORNs lack time to adapt. We reproduced the observed phenomena in a computational model and use this model to explain how the adaptation-dependence of NSI-mediated inhibition arises from nonlinearities in neural responses. We conclude that NSIs are unlikely to support the encoding of fast temporal dynamics in mixed odor stimuli, instead contributing to slower peripheral processing, supporting roles such as novelty detection. More broadly, we demonstrate how the nonlinear interactions of fairly simple electrical components lead to non-intuitive results, offering insight into the longstanding debate around ephaptic interactions in other systems, such as the mammalian CNS. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Leverhulme Trust, https://ror.org/012mzw131, RPG-2019-232 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, https://ror.org/0439y7842, EP/P006094/1, EP/S030964/1

Reliable and reproducible measurement of spatial resolution is essential for validating and comparing the performance of two-photon microscopy systems. We present fluorescent nanodiamonds as robust, photostable, reusable, and biocompatible probes for benchmarking spatial resolution. Owing to their nanoscale dimensions and stable fluorescence, nanodiamonds act as near-ideal point-like emitters, enabling accurate characterisation of the point spread function across varying imaging conditions. We demonstrate that nanodiamond-based phantoms serve as a reliable alternative to conventional fluorescent beads embedded in agarose, while at the same time offering advantages in stability and optical properties. Our results position nanodiamond phantoms as a next-generation calibration material that bridges ease of use and reproducibility, advancing quantitative imaging and cross-platform comparability in modern fluorescence microscopy. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Wellcome Trust, https://ror.org/029chgv08, Investigator Award in Science 220277/Z20/Z European Research Council, https://ror.org/0472cxd90, ERC-StG “NeuroVisEco” 677687, ERC AdG “Cones4Action” covered under the UK’s EPSRC guarantee scheme EP/Z533981/1 UK Research and Innovation, https://ror.org/001aqnf71, BBSRC, BB/R014817/1, BBSRC, BB/W013509/1 International Human Frontier Science Program Organization, https://ror.org/02ebx7v45, RGP001/2025 Leverhulme Trust, https://ror.org/012mzw131, PLP-2017-005, RPG-2021-026, RPG-2-23-042 Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine Gdańsk University of Technology, https://ror.org/006x4sc24, Nobelium DEC-4/1/2024/IDUB/I.1a/No, Platinum 1/1/2025/IDUB/I.1B/Pt

Observing the activity patterns of large neural populations throughout the brain is essential for understanding brain function. However, capturing neural interactions across widely distributed brain r...