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Daniela M. Pfabigan

@dmpfabigan.bsky.social
221 followers 313 following 21 posts

Associate Professor in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bergen, Norway 🇧🇻 EEG enthusiast in the realm of reward processing and cognitive control

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Daniela M. Pfabigan @dmpfabigan.bsky.social · 24/09/2026
Check out the SOLO - the SOcial experiences' daiLy Occurrence (SOLO) scale—a brief end-of-day diary measure capturing enjoyment of social interactions (also “weak ties”) and solitude experiences. Huge team effort with Erik R. Frogner, Fatemeh Asgari @utasailer.bsky.social 🎉 doi.org/10.1111/sjop...
doi.org
Appreciation of Social Experiences and Solitude in Everyday Life: The <fc>SOcial</fc> Experiences' <fc>daiLy</fc> Occurrence Scale (<fc>SOLO</fc>)
While social interactions and actively chosen solitude both contribute to well-being, existing measures focus solely on one dimension. We developed the SOcial experiences' daiLy Occurrence (SOLO) sca...
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Dan Quintana @dsquintana.bsky.social · 19/09/2026
New preprint! 🎉 I analysed 1660 papers from 4 psychology journals and found materials sharing went from 9% of papers in 2015 to 82% in 2025, and these materials *do* get downloaded — a median of 135 times each. BUT shared code is often hard to run. doi.org/10.31234/osf... Let's walk through it 🧵
Two-panel figure. Panel a is a flow diagram tracking 1,611 empirical psychology articles from publication year (545 in 2015, 552 in 2020, 514 in 2025) to repository-link type: 785 link an OSF project, 85 link another platform, and 741 link no repository. Of those with an OSF link, download counts were retrieved for 670 and not retrieved for 115. Panel b is a line chart of the share of empirical papers linking OSF across 2015, 2020 and 2025. The overall rate, shown as a dashed black line, rises from 9% to 57% to 82%. All four journals rise steeply and end close together: Psychological Science 92%, JESP 89%, JML 83%, Cognition 76%, with Psychological Science highest throughout.Three-panel figure. Panel a: ridgeline plot of downloads per file by material type on a log scale, with the percentage never downloaded labelled for each — archive 16% of 545 files, documents 20% of 2,970, code 12% of 3,471, other 17% of 1,646, data 21% of 10,051, media 35% of 2,120, images 35% of 4,102. Most files cluster between 1 and 10 downloads, with long right tails past 100. Panel b: ridgeline plot of downloads per paper by journal, log scale, with dashed median lines; Psychological Science is highest, then JESP, JML and Cognition. Panel c: stacked bars showing, for documents, data and code separately, the share of papers by download band (0, 1–10, 11–100, more than 100) in 2015, 2020 and 2025. The share exceeding 100 downloads falls sharply over time in all three types, from roughly two-thirds in 2015 to a quarter or less in 2025, as the 1–10 band grows.Four-panel figure. Panel a: statistical languages detected among 333 papers with retrievable code — R 88%, SPSS 12%, Stata 4%, SAS 1%. Panel b: code red flags among those 333 papers — 34% hard-code an absolute path, 40% reference a missing file — above documentation among 672 OSF-linked papers — 21% have a README, 30% are documented by README, description or wiki. Panel c: among 562 Elsevier papers with no repository link, 44% (245) host at least one journal supplementary file but only 14% (77) host data, code or an archive. Panel d: composition of those 448 hosted files — documents 52%, data 21%, media 9%, other 7%, archive 6%, code 3%, images 1%. The code panels are green, the journal-supplement panels blue.Coefficient plot (download predictors)

Dot-and-whisker plot of three standardised predictors of OSF download volume, each with a 95% confidence interval. Repository size (number of files) has the largest effect at about 0.76, citations about 0.38, and altmetric attention about 0.12. All three intervals sit entirely above zero, so each predicts more downloads, with repository size roughly twice the effect of citations and six times that of attention. X-axis: standardised effect, −0.2 to 1.0.
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Lina Skora @linaskora.bsky.social · 09/09/2026
Very happy to share our new results: cardiac activity around feedback dynamically reflects expectations. Led by Maria Azanova, with Alina @studenova.bsky.social , Esra Al, Vadim Nikulin and Arno Villringer www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...
biorxiv.org
Individual heartbeats track distinct prediction processes during human probabilistic learning
Heart rate continuously adjusts to accommodate perception and action, and these shifts are frequently explained through predictive processes. Yet direct evidence that interbeat intervals exhibit grade...
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Daniela M. Pfabigan @dmpfabigan.bsky.social · 09/09/2026
Preprint alert "Disentangling sociality and communicative meaning in EEG correlates of feedback processing" Are 👍/👎 the best feedback stimuli? #EEG #social Amazing collaboration with @corinnalorenz.bsky.social Lioba Schmücker, Jana Braunwarth and Nicola Ferdinand osf.io/preprints/ps...
osf.io
OSF
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Lukas A. Basedow, PhD @labasedow.bsky.social · 06/09/2026
A highly relevant and depressing look into the issues underlying modern peer review by @deevybee.bsky.social deevybee.blogspot.com/2026/08/acce...
deevybee.blogspot.com
Acceleration of the arms race between fraudsters and honest researchers
I was recently asked to review a paper that piqued my curiosity. From the abstract it sounded as if it was a secondary analysis of a datas...
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Daniela M. Pfabigan @dmpfabigan.bsky.social · 05/09/2026
😻
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Paul Taylor @afni-pt.bsky.social · 31/08/2026
Have you ever felt like something was missing from your #fmri results? Have you been worried about potential reproducibility issues? Well, this new @natmethods.nature.com article with 40+ coauthors shows how the simple change to transparent thresholding helps both. Go Figure! rdcu.be/B4tikBETdQZa
A comparison of old and new thresholding approaches for fMRI data. The newer, transparent thresholding allows for interpreting context, more complete modeling, a reduction of biases and an increase in meaningful content. This all leads to more accurate interpretations and improved reproducibility evaluations.
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Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR) @therealspr.bsky.social · 29/08/2026
Check out one of our submissions for SPR's "Psychophys Is" contest, which encourages SPR members to communicate their work to a non-scientific audience. Please submit your videos to our 3rd annual contest by Sept 1! sprweb.org/spr-video-co...
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Tahnée Engelen @tahnee-engelen.bsky.social · 28/08/2026
Come join my team at @uniofjyvaskyla.bsky.social! I have an open PhD position (3 years fully funded) for a project investigating interoception and mental health, using lots of fun methods (EEG, EGG, tACs, TMS). More info and applications here: ats.talentadore.com/apply/doctor... #NeuroJobs
ats.talentadore.com
Doctoral Researcher, RCF project
Department of Psychology is seeking to recruit a Doctoral Researcher to work in the RCF project starting 1 November 2026, or as soon as possible after that for three years. The fixed-term position is ...
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Alex Shackman @ajshackman.bsky.social · 28/08/2026
1/3. #OSF #ShackLab #AI4OpenScience - We came up with a process and a plan for navigating the OSF transition. Links and instructions in the first 2 comments b/c FB is dumb. Feel free to redistribute. Hopefully, this will save you time, even if you simply tweak my prompts or skim the findings.
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Philipp Kanske @kanske.bsky.social · 19/08/2026
Interessiert an einer Promotions- oder PostDoc-Stelle in clinical social neuroscience? Wir sind ein kooperatives, internationales Team👇 an der @tudresden.bsky.social und suchen Verstärkung für Lehre und Forschung im @trr393.bsky.social Danke für's Teilen! www.verw.tu-dresden.de/StellAus/ste...
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bioRxiv Neuroscience @biorxiv-neursci.bsky.social · 12/08/2026
Transcranial ultrasound stimulation of the aMCC transiently improves performance, modulates N2 and conflict monitoring dynamics www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/20…
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Colin Carlson @colincarlson.bsky.social · 10/08/2026
I wrote about a reason not to use generative AI in your writing that I haven't seen anyone talking about. Once I realized this, banning GenAI in our lab's writing became a no-brainer. Feel free to share, I think this is probably useful especially for trainees: www.carlsonlab.bio/thoughts/the...
carlsonlab.bio
The only reason you’ll ever need not to write with AI — The Carlson Lab
Over the last year, our lab has been developing a policy on AI use. To do this, we did three main things: We read a lot of academic publications and tech news. We set up an #ai channel on our la...
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Imaging Neuroscience @imagingneurosci.bsky.social · 11/08/2026
New paper in Imaging Neuroscience by Steven Geysen, Jan Peters, et al: Human risk taking and metabolic state: No credible evidence for desacyl-ghrelin modulation of neural or behavioural effects doi.org/10.1162/IMAG...
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Julia M. Rohrer @dingdingpeng.the100.ci · 11/08/2026
Big changes ahead: the OSF will stop support sharing (new) data, materials and code. Feels like the end of an era!
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CSN Unit @silanilab.bsky.social · 04/08/2026
Two new PhD positions are open at the CSN unit. Check here if interested! jobs.univie.ac.at/job/Universi... jobs.univie.ac.at/job/Universi...
jobs.univie.ac.at
University assistant predoctoral
University assistant predoctoral
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Earl K. Miller @earlkmiller.bsky.social · 31/07/2026
Are brain rhythms a steady hum or a brief buzz? Both. Alpha and beta activity are relatively sustained, helping maintain ongoing brain state, supporting its role in top-down control. Universal rhythmic architecture uncovers two modes of neural dynamics www.nature.com/articles/s41... #neuroscience
nature.com
Universal rhythmic architecture uncovers two modes of neural dynamics - Nature Communications
Brain oscillations are traditionally regarded as sustained rhythms. Here, the authors show that there are both high and low-rhythmicity bands, characterised by brief bursts, which can signal responses...
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Jay Van Bavel, PhD @jayvanbavel.bsky.social · 18/07/2026
We need to change norms around sexual harassment Yesterday Tessa West spoke up about a sexual harassment complaint she filed against John Jost. Not only is he a senior colleague in the dept of psychology, but he is one of the most prominant figures in the field of social and political psychology.
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APC Microbiome Ireland @apcmicrobiomeirel.bsky.social · 03/07/2026
Environmental chemicals may shape behaviour through the gut #microbiome. New in Molecular Psychiatry: #glyphosate changed microbiome-linked behaviour in a controlled exposure model. From @bvalderrama.bsky.social, @gabrieltofani.bsky.social & @jfcryan.bsky.social. buff.ly/rWfKI2T
Collage showing a research team of headshot portraits above a screenshot of a Nature Molecular Psychiatry article titled "Towards ecological psychiatry: The herbicide glyphosate disrupts behavior through microbiota‑gut‑brain axis," with University College Cork logo
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Thomas Schubert @schubert.bsky.social · 08/07/2026
Open position alert: Associate Professorship in Quant methods in psych department at University of Oslo. Deadline 1 September www.jobbnorge.no/en/available...
jobbnorge.no
Associate Professor in Quantitative Research Methodology (302697) | University of Oslo
Job title: Associate Professor in Quantitative Research Methodology (302697), Employer: University of Oslo, Deadline: Tuesday, September 1, 2026
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Matteo Lisi @mlisi.bsky.social · 07/07/2026
Opportunity to join a great team on our Leverhulme-funded project, where we'll apply cognitive science to antibiotic misuse and contribute to tackling antimicrobial resistance, one of the world's most pressing public health threats @rhulpsychology.bsky.social #PsychSciSky #academicsky 👇👇👇
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Dan Quintana @dsquintana.bsky.social · 06/07/2026
Our department just announced a new Associate Professor position in quantitative research methodology 🇳🇴 One of the favorable qualifications is experience with open science practices + R/Python experience www.jobbnorge.no/en/available...
jobbnorge.no
Associate Professor in Quantitative Research Methodology (302697) | University of Oslo
Job title: Associate Professor in Quantitative Research Methodology (302697), Employer: University of Oslo, Deadline: Tuesday, September 1, 2026
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Andreas Strube @astrube.bsky.social · 06/07/2026
Very happy to see this Review with @diegopizzagalli.bsky.social out in @cp-trendsneuro.bsky.social www.cell.com/trends/neuro... This piece brings together a lot of what we’ve been thinking on depression, predictive processing and EEG. Many thanks for the support from @sfb-trr-289.bsky.social
cell.com
Brain rhythms of depression: A predictive processing perspective
Depression is marked by anhedonia, social withdrawal, and a diminished capacity to learn from positive experiences—features that can be framed within predictive processing. Here, we review findings fr...
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Isabella Wagner 🧠🦠 @isabellacwagner.bsky.social · 01/07/2026
(1/2) Hiring! 🦠🧠 Postdoc position in my group @univie.ac.at on microbiome-brain interactions as part of the ERC-funded project “MemoryLane: Neural plasticity through the lens of gut-brain interactions”. 📍 Vienna, Austria 📅 Application deadline: 2 Aug 2026 ℹ️ shorturl.at/2E4sf
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Tina Lonsdorf @tinalonsdorf.bsky.social · 01/07/2026
🔥happy to re-share this herculean effort - the result of years of work building a database from open data and community contributions. Many thanks to the fearbase team for their effort and hard work and to the broader community for their support! Important work to shape a collaborative future 🤲
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Neuroskeptic @neuroskeptic.bsky.social · 30/06/2026
The Dead Salmons of AI Interpretability arxiv.org/abs/2512.18792 The famous #fMRI cautionary tale re-born as an analogy for the AI age! @practicalfmri.bsky.social
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Dirk Gütlin @gutlin.bsky.social · 30/06/2026
Please read this. I think a lot of people (even in science) shrug this off with the good old "we didn't have it easy either"... 🤷‍♀️ Prevalence and severity of mental health problems in early-career researchers: a systematic review and meta-analysis www.nature.com/articles/s41...
nature.com
Prevalence and severity of mental health problems in early-career researchers: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Nature Human Behaviour
Mental health concerns among early-career researchers are increasingly gaining attention. This preregistered systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis quantifies psychological distress among earl...
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Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR) @therealspr.bsky.social · 26/06/2026
Apply for an SPR Family Care Grant by August 7! This grant is to support SPR members who have care needs in order to attend this year's annual meeting. sprweb.org/spr-family-c...
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Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR) @therealspr.bsky.social · 26/06/2026
This is the final chance to submit your abstract for this year's annual meeting in Halifax!! Submit by Wednesday, July 1!
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EEG101 COST Action @eeg101costaction.bsky.social · 12/06/2026
🧠 Day 1 of #EEG101 at #OHBM Brainhack! Deep dives: 📊 ARTEM-IS (Šoškić, Yang) 🔍 Transparency (McIntosh) 💾 BIDS (López Vilaret, Bosch-Bayard, Brady, Babiloni) Plus: AI, multimodality & new papers! 📝 More tomorrow! 👇 www.eeg101.eu/join/ #OpenScience #Neuroscience #BIDS #EEG
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Lisa DeBruine @debruine.bsky.social · 25/06/2026
Tip for senior authors, too…
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Daniela M. Pfabigan @dmpfabigan.bsky.social · 06/06/2026
Join us!!
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Daniela M. Pfabigan @dmpfabigan.bsky.social · 06/06/2026
Highly recommend!! 👇
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Federation of European Neuroscience Societies - FENS @fens.org · 02/06/2026
🧠 #ALBA study! 🌐 ALBA’s Gender & Sexual Diversity Working Group surveyed over 400 LGBTQIA+ individuals who study or work in neuroscience. 🔗 Learn more about the survey: buff.ly/4mpKNmT 👉️ Read the published results: buff.ly/zosHeDe @network-alba.bsky.social @ibrojournals.bsky.social
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Mara Mather @maramather.bsky.social · 31/05/2026
“MRI scans of the marathon runners’ brains showed that myelin content was reduced in several white-matter tracts immediately after the race; two months later, myelin levels had recovered to baseline levels.”
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Dan Quintana @dsquintana.bsky.social · 30/05/2026
Funnel plots and Egger's regression test measure small-study bias, not publication bias, which is a distinction many meta-analyses get wrong. So I made a screencast on how measure publication bias correctly in JASP and R: youtu.be/XiUj4yP8Nsw
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Laura Grima @lauragrima.bsky.social · 23/05/2026
@fluketc.bsky.social and @dudman.bsky.social have hit it out the park again. In my (perhaps biased) opinion this - along with their previous papers - is field-defining work. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
science.org
Reward magnitude determines reinforcement learning efficiency
Standard animal learning studies minimize individual reward magnitudes to maximize the repetitions of reinforced behaviors. We investigated how reward magnitude influences initial learning across five...
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Johan Lundstrom @odorjohan.bsky.social · 16/05/2026
Hiring a postdoc to do something nobody has done: record oscillatory signals from the human olfactory epithelium in awake humans. PhD in neuroscience, biomedical engineering, or adjacent. Real electrophysiology experience: single-unit, intracranial, or peripheral. Olfactory background optional.
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#EEGManyLabs @eegmanylabs.bsky.social · 15/05/2026
New #EEGManyLabs paper out in Cortex! We asked whether contralateral delay activity, or CDA, can serve as a reliable EEG marker of visual working memory capacity. doi.org/10.1016/j.co...
doi.org
Redirecting
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Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR) @therealspr.bsky.social · 13/05/2026
"Psychophys Is" encourages SPR members to demonstrate their ability to communicate their work to a non-scientific audience. Please submit your videos to our 3rd annual contest by Sept 1! Check out last year's winning videos on Parkinson's, [1/3]
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SCAN Unit @scanunit.bsky.social · 11/05/2026
🚨 Psyched to share our first paper in JEnvPsy, led by the brillliant @jonasnitschke.bsky.social! We find that trust in science + climate-specific worry (not general worry) together predict support for climate policies. So don’t just worry, worry specifically and take action 🤓
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Karin Roelofs @epanlab.bsky.social · 08/05/2026
PhD Position: Computational Affective Neuroscience and Ultrasonic Neuromodulation at @dondersinst.bsky.social >Passionate about ultrasonic modulation? Come and join us! funded by @erc.europa.eu HEART2ADAPT @epanlab.bsky.social in coll. with @lennartverhagen.bsky.social www.ru.nl/en/working-a...
ru.nl
PhD Position: Computational Affective Neuroscience and Ultrasound Neuromodulation | Radboud University
Do you want to work as a PhD 'Computational Affective Neuroscience and Neuromodulation' at the Faculty of Social Sciences? Check our vacancy!
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Sara Mehrhof @saramehrhof.bsky.social · 08/05/2026
Excited to share our new paper asking a simple question: Why do mental and metabolic health so often go hand in hand? We (@camillanord.bsky.social @hugofleming.bsky.social) tested whether shared neurocognitive signatures play a role in this relationship www.nature.com/articles/s41...
nature.com
Computational phenotyping of effort-based decision-making in type-2 diabetes on and off semaglutide - Neuropsychopharmacology
Neuropsychopharmacology - Computational phenotyping of effort-based decision-making in type-2 diabetes on and off semaglutide
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Nico Schuck @nicoschuck.bsky.social · 06/05/2026
How fast agentic AI has changed our work is head-spinning and there's been a lot of debate in our lab. So we drafted guidelines to help navigate this new reality. Sharing here in the hope it’s useful for others & curious to hear thoughts schucklab.gitlab.io/ai-policy.html #AcademicSky #compneurosky
schucklab.gitlab.io
Schuck Lab — AI Policy
Schuck Lab policy on generative and agentic AI
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Dan Quintana @dsquintana.bsky.social · 01/05/2026
New preprint: Preregistration is supposed to make research more transparent. But if registry records aren't kept up to date, the transparency benefit erodes. We checked 1,137 psych meta-analyses on PROSPERO and found the records are systematically out of sync with reality osf.io/preprints/ps...
Abstract
Meta-analysis preregistration is intended to promote transparency and reduce research waste.
However, it is largely unknown whether preregistration records accurately reflect the actual state
of research, and how many preregistered meta-analyses are ultimately published in the field of
psychology. We searched PROSPERO for preregistrations of psychology meta-analyses
registered between 2011 and 2021 (n = 1137), verified publication status through systematic
search, and contacted corresponding authors of unpublished registrations (n = 358) to obtain
information on reasons for delays and discontinuations. We found that PROSPERO status labels
were systematically inaccurate: 57% of records labelled "ongoing" were already published, and
publication rates varied by registration status (Completed: 94%; Ongoing: 59%; Discontinued:
9%). Among 80 survey respondents, resource limitations were the primary reasons for project
discontinuation (lack of time: 47%; lack of personnel: 11%; lack of funding: 7%) and
preregistration quality showed no association with publication likelihood. Altogether, these
findings suggest that PROSPERO registrations in psychology frequently fail to reflect the true
status of a meta-analysis, undermining their value as a transparency tool, and that resource
limitations frequently lead to meta-analysis abandonment. We recommend that journals and
funders require registration updates at publication to reduce the accumulation of inaccurate and
abandoned records.Figure 1. Overview of PROSPERO preregistrations of meta-analyses in psychology. (a) Number
of psychology meta-analysis registrations per year (2011–2025); the dashed line marks the onset of the
COVID-19 pandemic. (b) Publication status by year of registration (2011–2021). (c) Publication
outcomes by PROSPERO registration status (Dark yellow = unpublished; Blue = published).
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William Ngiam | 严祥全 @williamngiam.github.io · 01/05/2026
A multi-lab replication effort (@eegmanylabs.bsky.social) of the contralateral delay activity (CDA) has just been published online! In brief, the set-size effect appears to be robustly observed, but CDA correlation with VWM capacity is not reliably strong. doi.org/10.1016/j.co...
doi.org
Redirecting
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Nature Medicine @natmed.nature.com · 23/04/2026
#Microbiome analysis reveals gut microbial changes in #ParkinsonsDisease evolve progressively from healthy individuals to genetically at-risk individuals to #PD patients, with the degree of #dysbiosis correlating with disease progression.
dlvr.it
Microbiome signature of Parkinson’s disease in healthy and genetically at-risk individuals - Nature Medicine
Microbiome analysis suggests that gut microbial changes in Parkinson’s disease evolve progressively from healthy individuals to genetically at-risk individuals to clinically affected patients, with the degree of dysbiosis correlating with disease progression.
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Andrey Chetverikov @achetverikov.bsky.social · 27/04/2026
We have 3 PhD positions at our department (www.jobbnorge.no/nn-no/ledige...). Know a good student interested in working with me on perception / visual memory? I'd be happy to support the proposal! A catch: this person must speak a Scandinavian language as the position implies some teaching duties.
jobbnorge.no
Tre stipendiatstillingar ved Institutt for samfunnspsykologi (299274) | Universitetet i Bergen
Stillingstittel: Tre stipendiatstillingar ved Institutt for samfunnspsykologi (299274), Arbeidsgivar: Universitetet i Bergen, Søknadsfrist: søndag 16. august 2026
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Dan Quintana @dsquintana.bsky.social · 25/04/2026
Why are oxytocin study results so inconsistent? Methods get most of the blame, but the problem is also theoretical as existing accounts are too vague to falsify. In a new preprint, I formalise the Allostatic Theory of Oxytocin as a computational model osf.io/preprints/ps... 🧵
Oxytocin's effects on human behaviour are inconsistent across studies, persisting despite improvements in methodological rigour. Part of this problem is theoretical: existing verbal accounts do not specify predictions precisely enough to be falsified. Here I formalise the
Allostatic Theory of Oxytocin as a computational model, deriving eight testable propositions and evaluating each against simulation evidence. Three structural predictions that follow directly from the model's assumptions were confirmed. Of five genuinely discriminating tests, three were supported. The two unsupported propositions revealed boundary conditions the verbal theory could not identify. Formalisation underscored the importance of validating auxiliary assumptions
regarding optimal oxytocin dosing and the measurement of baseline endogenous oxytocin levels, without which tests of the theory cannot be conclusively interpreted. Altogether, this formalisation provides a more precise and falsifiable account of oxytocin's role in behaviour than
currently exists, and a template for incrementally refining verbal theories in psychology through formal specification.Figure 2. The allostatic theory of oxytocin as a directed graph. Each node is a variable in the equations, and each edge is a functional dependency. The graph complements the equations in Supplementary Text 1. Purple: oxytocin input Ω. Blue (solid border): the four oxytocin-dependent parameter functions specified by the verbal theory — sensing noise σ(Ω), learning rate α(Ω), prior weight w(Ω), and response gain γ(Ω). Blue (dashed border): the efferent coupling rate κ(Ω), a formalisation extension beyond the four verbal-theory components.
Grey: computation cascade operating each time step. Orange: environmental inputs — the predictive cue (pred. cue) feeds the observation, while the true current state drives passive body-state drift. Teal: body state y(t), driven by both passive drift toward s(t) (δ, oxytocin-independent) and efferent coupling toward x(t) (κ(Ω),
oxytocin-dependent). Red: output metrics: fitness f(t); allostatic load L(t); and efficiency E.
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