Reproducibility is a foundational principle of trustworthy science, but reproducible research practices are not consistently implemented. This Review summarizes the current landscape including efforts to harmonize terminology and implementation, persistent barriers and ecosystem responses.

Connecting evidence across preclinical and clinical domains, this Perspective calls for a greater understanding of sex-biased mechanisms and integration of these insights into diagnostics and therapeutics—with a focus on female-predominant cardiovascular conditions.

A study shows that integrating numerous multimodal, patient-level biomarkers enhances the prediction of cancer immunotherapy response, but generalizability is still a challenge.

Two early clinical studies of selective KRASG12D inhibitors show encouraging activity in advanced cancers with G12D mutations, signaling a transformative change in the treatment landscape for RAS-driven cancers with potential applications across tumor types and stages of disease.

An in-depth phenomic analysis of health and disease patterns from 1.9 million participants of the Our Future Health cohort reports the prevalence of health conditions and medication-use patterns compared with national UK estimates and the UK Biobank.

The PATHFINDER 2 and NHS-Galleri studies provide complementary evidence on the clinical performance, safety and implementation of multi-cancer early detection, while underscoring the next challenge: demonstrating population-level benefit.

A 15-year cohort study shows that Alzheimer’s dementia risk is jointly shaped by Alzheimer’s pathology and cognitive resilience, with high resilience linked to lower risk, even under greater pathology.

A study shows that integrating numerous multimodal, patient-level biomarkers enhances the prediction of cancer immunotherapy response, but generalizability is still a challenge.

Two early clinical studies of selective KRASG12D inhibitors show encouraging activity in advanced cancers with G12D mutations, signaling a transformative change in the treatment landscape for RAS-driven cancers with potential applications across tumor types and stages of disease.

In this issue, Jia et al. show that an artificial intelligence (AI)-based clinical decision-support system, Retina4IRD, can improve the diagnosis of...

Nature Medicine, Published online: 16 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04665-3Increased expression of EBV reactivation genes in B cells and MS risk genes targeted by the EBV protein EBNA-2 precedes MS attacks, linking EBV reactivation and genetic risk to the development of MS relapses.

An in-depth phenomic analysis of health and disease patterns from 1.9 million participants of the Our Future Health cohort reports the prevalence of health conditions and medication-use patterns compared with national UK estimates and the UK Biobank.

A 15-year cohort study shows that Alzheimer’s dementia risk is jointly shaped by Alzheimer’s pathology and cognitive resilience, with high resilience linked to lower risk, even under greater pathology.

In this Comment, we argue for a global health system that recognizes and supports countries as the primary agents of action, oriented around global public goods and collective action, and served by a leaner set of global and regional institutions. We present a potential vision for the functions ...

Nature Medicine, Published online: 14 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04622-0In this Comment, we argue for a global health system that recognizes and supports countries as the primary agents of action, oriented around global public goods and collective action, and served by a leaner set of global and regional institutions. We present a potential vision for the functions and distribution of labor in the system to inform ongoing reform discussions and draw critique, dissent and amendment.

An early assessment of the UK’s Our Future Health project shows how national-scale cohorts may reshape population medicine by accelerating discovery and clinical recruitment, provided that selection and phenotyping biases are carefully measured and managed.

Researchers urgently need a rigorous, task-based framework to define and measure medical AI ‘superintelligence’, because existing benchmarks are misleading and insufficient.

The transition from AI-assisted tools to more integrated, AI-native models of care requires workflow integration, clinician engagement and measurable clinical value.

Africa bears nearly 25% of the global burden of disease yet conducts only 2% of the world’s clinical trials and receives less than 2% of global health research funding1. In 2022, the World Health Assembly issued Resolution 75.8, calling for stronger clinical trial quality, coordination, and accountability worldwide. Delivering on that call requires more than additional resources: it requires knowing which structural deficit to fix first. The TRACE initiative (Trial Regulation and Clinical Ethics Optimization)2, operating across Rwanda, Tanzania, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and Kenya in partnership with National Ethics Committees, Institutional Review Boards, and National Regulatory Authorities, offers an early answer. Across all five countries, the interventions producing the fastest, most measurable gains in trial readiness were not those that added technical capacity in isolation, but those that coordinated ethics and regulatory review into a single, parallel process. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription $32.99 / 30 days cancel any time Receive 12 print issues and online access $259.00 per year only $21.58 per issue Purchase on SpringerLink Instant access to the full article PDF. USD 39.95 Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout References World Economic Forum. Healthcare Access in Africa: the Role of Clinical Trials https://go.nature.com/4c93gEe (accessed 4 June 2026). TRACE Project. Trial Regulation and Clinical Ethics Optimization: Project Overview and Country Milestones https://traceclinicaltrialethics.com (accessed 4 June 2026). WHO. Global Action Plan for Clinical Trial Ecosystem Strengthening (2023). Download references Funding This work was supported, in whole or in part, by the Gates Foundation. The conclusions and opinions expressed in this work are those of the author(s) alone and shall not be attributed to the Foundation. Under the grant conditions of the Foundation, a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License has already been assigned to the Author Accepted Manuscript version that might arise from this submission. Author information Authors and Affiliations King Faisal Hospital Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda Kara L. Neil Centre for Impact, Innovation and Capacity Building for Health Information Systems and Nutrition (CIIC-HIN), Kigali, Rwanda Jeanine Condo, Nathalie Umutoni, Ritah U. Mupende, Marie Angele Ikuzwe, Moise Ruhinda, Fantacy Twagira & Absolomon Gashaija National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dodoma, Tanzania Obadia Kyetuza Bishoge Moi University/Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital Institutional Research and Ethics Committee, Eldoret, Kenya Peter Saula Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ), Harare, Zimbabwe Tendayi Kureya & Sithembile Ruzario Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center of Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard (MRCT Center), Boston, MA, USA Barbara E. Bierer, Willyanne DeCormier Plosky & Sarah A. White Barbara E. Bierer Kenya Medical Research Institute - Scientific and Ethics Review Unit (KEMRI-SERU), Nairobi, Kenya Enock Kebenei National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Abuja, Nigeria Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ), Harare, Zimbabwe Priscilla P. M. Nyambayo Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory, Diagnostic and Investigative Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe Rutendo B. L. Gutsire Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority (Rwanda FDA), Kigali, Rwanda Alphonse Ndayambaje Stella Ekallam, Elly Lefoll Kourany & David Mukanga Rwanda National Research Ethics Committee (RNEC), Kigali, Rwanda Vedaste Ndahindwa National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), Nairobi, Kenya Teresia Nyawira Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA), Dodoma, Tanzania Damas Matiko Consortia on behalf of The TRACE Author Group Kara L. Neil , Jeanine Condo , Obadia Kyetuza Bishoge , Peter Saula , Tendayi Kureya , Barbara E. Bierer , Willyanne DeCormier Plosky , Sarah A. White , Enock Kebenei , Beno Nyam Yakubu , Priscilla P. M. Nyambayo , Rutendo B. L. Gutsire , Sithembile Ruzario , Alphonse Ndayambaje , Nathalie Umutoni , Stella Ekallam , Ritah U. Mupende , Marie Angele Ikuzwe , Moise Ruhinda , Fantacy Twagira , Absolomon Gashaija , Vedaste Ndahindwa , Teresia Nyawira , Damas Matiko , Collins Mitambo , Elly Lefoll Kourany & David Mukanga Corresponding authors Correspondence to Kara L. Neil or Jeanine Condo. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors have no competing interests to declare. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions About this article Neil, K.L., Condo, J. & on behalf of The TRACE Author Group. Strengthening clinical trial ethics and regulatory oversight in Africa: lessons from the TRACE initiative. Nat Med (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04645-7

Health systems must adapt to a new era of obesity treatment.

On 17 July 2026, Japan enacted the Act on Regulation of Handling of Human Genome-Edited Embryos, etc., promulgated a week later as Act No. 70 of 2026 (ref. 1). The 2018 announcement of gene-edited births in China2 brought the issue to global attention. Some 70 countries prohibit heritable (germline) human genome editing outright, although scope and enforceability vary widely3. The prohibition itself is not novel; what matters is that Japan has replaced unenforceable guidance with binding, penalized law, closing a specific regulatory gap. At the same time, the new law exposes a broader limitation: a criminal ban that stops at national borders can be evaded simply by seeking the procedure elsewhere. Until now, the reproductive use of genome-edited human embryos in Japan was governed only by non-binding guidelines. Guidance issued in 2019 permitted basic research using genome editing on human embryos for reproductive-medicine purposes under defined conditions while disallowing their transfer to a uterus, but it carried no penalty4. The Act on Regulation of Human Cloning Techniques (2000) criminalized implanting human cloned embryos and certain other specified embryos, yet it did not extend to genome-edited embryos5. Nothing legally binding prevented someone in Japan from implanting one. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access options

The first approved PROTAC for breast cancer validated the idea that medicines can work by bringing proteins together rather than by simply blocking them. Now, a new generation of proximity-based therapies is pushing that principle further.

As presented at the 2026 European Society of Cardiology Congress, use of direct oral anticoagulants together with potent P2Y12 inhibitors in patients with atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndrome was associated with higher bleeding rates without evidence of reduced ischemic events, as compared to direct oral anticoagulants together with clopidogrel and aspirin.

As presented at the 2026 ESC Congress, in a secondary analysis of the CARDIOTTRansform trial testing the transthyretin-targeting antisense oligonucleotide eplontersen in patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy, a beneficial effect was observed in patients who were not on transthyretin stabilizers at baseline, but not in those who were on stabilizers.

The first generation of medical artificial intelligence (AI) was judged on whether algorithms could match clinicians. The next generation should be judged on whether carefully designed human–AI systems can improve patient outcomes.

Following two decades of development, iPSC-derived interventions are shifting from bespoke experimental models toward standardized, engineered biological medicines.

A natural experiment comparing recipients of the live attenuated versus recombinant herpes zoster vaccines found that the recombinant vaccine was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular events across 7 years of follow-up.

As presented at the 2026 European Society of Cardiology Congress, use of direct oral anticoagulants together with potent P2Y12 inhibitors in patients with atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndrome was associated with higher bleeding rates without evidence of reduced ischemic events, as compared to direct oral anticoagulants together with clopidogrel and aspirin.

As presented at the 2026 ESC Congress, in a secondary analysis of the CARDIOTTRansform trial testing the transthyretin-targeting antisense oligonucleotide eplontersen in patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy, a beneficial effect was observed in patients who were not on transthyretin stabilizers at baseline, but not in those who were on stabilizers.

A cross-trial analysis using data from 38,753 participants across nine trials estimates effects of comprehensive medical therapy for heart failure on blood pressure, kidney function and potassium levels, potentially guiding safer therapy initiation.

A feasibility trial delivering psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression within the UK health service reports encouraging adherence and safety — it opens future questions about who is reached, where treatment happens and what standards will be needed to sustain it.

Liver DiagnOsis Network (LiON), a contrast-enhanced-computed tomography-based AI system that supports flexible multiphase processing, clinical data integration and workflow-compatible liver malignancy diagnosis, may help reduce missed or delayed diagnoses and guide clinical interventions.

A pilot implementation study of a large language model clinical decision support system in a tertiary emergency department showed safe integration but steadily declining clinical adoption over 4 weeks.

The Global Neurosurgical Study-1 (GNS-I), conducted across 100 hospitals in 29 countries, found substantial variation in the causes of traumatic brain injury and in associated mortality outcomes across Human Development Index tiers.

Whole-slide histopathological images from 40 tissue types reveal morphological changes associated with aging, which, when paired with transcriptomic data from blood, are used to develop aging clocks that reflect tissue structural integrity and organ-level physiological fitness in health and disease.

In an early-stage randomized trial, the safety and efficacy of intramyocardial injection of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes in patients with advanced heart failure were evaluated.

In the phase 1 part of the ongoing phase 1/2 COMPARE trial, CD19 CAR T cell treatment of patients with severe, treatment-refractory rheumatoid arthritis was well tolerated with clinical improvement seen in all patients.

Following two decades of development, iPSC-derived interventions are shifting from bespoke experimental models toward standardized, engineered biological medicines.

Rather than intervening when dysglycemia is established, prevention efforts should focus on prediabetes remission and restoration of normoglycemia. Here the authors call for a new agenda informed by mechanistic heterogeneity, a life-course risk architecture and scalable precision tools.

A natural experiment comparing recipients of the live attenuated versus recombinant herpes zoster vaccines found that the recombinant vaccine was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular events across 7 years of follow-up.

A stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial showed that implementation of a multi-faceted ALERT intervention that promoted essential practices of intrapartum childbirth reduced the odds of early perinatal mortality but not stillbirth across 16 hospitals in Benin, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda.

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The authors outline strategies to maximize the impact of ADCs by integrating multiple chemistry advances into drug constructs, and developing infrastructures and tools to accelerate and de-risk the preclinical and early clinical development of these agents.

In a case series of an adult and four children with high- to intermediate-risk exposure to Bundibugyo ebolavirus, emergency use post-exposure prophylaxis monoclonal antibody cocktail (MBP134) treatment was well tolerated with no evidence of Bundibugyo virus disease, supporting future evaluation of MBP134 as a post-exposure prophylaxis for outbreaks.

In a case report of an individual with Bundibugyo virus infection, treatment with emergency use of the monoclonal antibody cocktail MBP134 with remdesivir and supportive care treatment resulted in recovery and discharge 22 days after symptom onset, supporting further evaluation of MBP134.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 25 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04592-3Beyond Ebola: armed conflict and humanitarian funding cuts threaten control of malaria, TB and HIV in eastern DRC

Nature Medicine, Published online: 25 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04608-yThis study identifies oligodendrocytes as active contributors to cognitive decline in aging, by leveraging a unique human brain bank with more than 70 years of associated cognitive data combined with experimental modeling of oligodendrocyte dysfunction.

Whole-genome sequencing of clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in Uganda reveals rapid selection of a PX1-associated haplotype linked to reduced susceptibility to commonly used antimalarials.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 24 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04663-5In a case report of an individual with Bundibugyo virus infection, treatment with emergency use of the monoclonal antibody cocktail MBP134 with remdesivir and supportive care treatment resulted in recovery and discharge 22 days after symptom onset, supporting further evaluation of MBP134.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 24 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04664-4In a case series of an adult and four children with high- to intermediate-risk exposure to Bundibugyo ebolavirus, emergency use post-exposure prophylaxis monoclonal antibody cocktail (MBP134) treatment was well tolerated with no evidence of Bundibugyo virus disease, supporting future evaluation of MBP134 as a post-exposure prophylaxis for outbreaks.