Abstract. Historical baselines are essential for evaluating the cumulative impacts on modern marine ecosystems, particularly in regions such as the Mediter

Abstract. Constructing accurate age models for Pleistocene marine sediments is crucial for our understanding of glacial-interglacial cycles and other climatic processes. Benthic foraminiferal δ18O sta...

The Arabian Sea and eastern tropical Pacific oxygen minimum zones were better oxygenated during the warm Miocene, but with regional complexities, according to analysis of trace elements and nitro...

The cycling of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the ocean is closely linked to seawater alkalinity and the regulation of atmospheric CO2. In the modern pelagic ocean, almost all CaCO3 is produced by three...

Climate and ice sheet processes in Antarctica increasingly reflect those observed earlier in Greenland. Applying process insights from Greenland can improve projections of future Antarctic ice and climate behaviour.

Ocean stratification — density-related layering of seawater — influences oceanographic and climatic processes. This Review outlines observed and projected changes in stratification, noting a 0.8% dec−1 increase in 0–2,000 m stratification from 1960–2024, and a further 1.4% dec−1 increase by 2100 under SSP2-4.5.

A “crisis” that rocked the island of Santorini may reveal a shared magma system between two volcanoes with explosive histories

Negative feedback between climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), mediated by the weathering of silicate minerals on land, is thought to provide the primary regulation of Earth’s climate on geol...

The Keeling Curve is a daily record of global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration maintained by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego.

The ocean carbon sink strengthened in previous warm El Niño years due to reduced CO2 outgassing in the tropics. Here the authors show that the ocean carbon sink declined in 2023 despite record-high se...

A 2.5-billion-year record of oxygen isotopes in sedimentary sulfate reveals the transitional oxygenation of the Earth’s surface and provides constraints on the dynamic, lengthy co-oxygenation of Earth...

Marine heatwaves promote the development of a deep chlorophyll maximum, which reshapes subsurface chlorophyll and therefore vertical phytoplankton distributions, according to analyses of Biogeochemica...

A direct proxy for past dissolved organic carbon signatures using co-precipitated organic carbon in iron ooids enables reconstruction of marine dissolved organic carbon signals dating back to the Pala...

Multiple AMOC collapses are simulated in the CESM under transient climate change scenarios A physics-based indicator derived from surface buoyancy fluxes is proposed for the onset of an AMOC coll...

Singh et al. reconstruct ocean biomass over the past 540 million years, finding a long-term rise from the Cambrian to the present, with dips during three of the five major mass extinctions. The biomas...

Video provides an up-close look at a human embryo plunging into tissue that simulates the uterine lining.

‘The best educational texts do not lead but rather gesture. They choose to show instead of tell. This book exemplifies that approach. Food is political. I believe this claim is best illustrated throug...

Possible lungfish tracks could push back animal migration onto land by 10 million years

Dinosaur fossils are sold for millions to private collectors. These fossils are scientific evidence, and need to be accessible for research and public education.

Global Source-to-sink Domain Map