Category selectivity for images of faces, scenes, and bodies is among the most striking and reproducible findings in vision neuroscience. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained on visual tasks also...

When should researchers use linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) versus repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) for analysing repeated-measures data? I first outline the conceptual and statist...

Nature Human Behaviour, Published online: 01 October 2026; doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02573-7Tangible rewards are known to sharpen visual processing of associated objects. Tomić et al. show that an internal sense of confidence—acting as an intrinsic reward—similarly biases attention, revealing how the brain prioritizes limited resources.

Addressing the climate crisis requires citizens to make informed choices about sustainable energy policy, yet public debates are often shaped by inaccurate beliefs about the environmental and health i...

Expectations—prior knowledge of environmental statistics—support adaptive behavior by reducing uncertainty during inference. However, the questions of where expectations come from and how that ought t...

Neuroscientific learning theories propose that the brain acquires knowledge by constructing internal world models. Supervised learning, the dominant approach in deep neural networks (DNN), relies on e...

Abstract. Confidence estimates are often “detection-like”—driven by positive evidence in favour of a decision. This empirical observation has been interpreted as showing that human metacognition is li...

Noninvasive methods are making it possible to study neural replay in humans. Although focused on alignment with rodent findings, human research often tacitly assumes that replay is linked to conscious, deliberate thought. This assumption represents a missed opportunity to investigate the links between replay and consciousness, as well as cross-species differences more broadly.

Confidence guides our decisions: it determines when we commit to a choice, gather more information, or change our minds. Prominent models treat confidence as a readout of the evidence in support of a ...

Humans build internal models from online observations to adapt to new environments. Here, the authors show that individuals are biased towards building models with moderate structural complexity, rega...

In just a few short days (August 15th, 2026), PsyArXiv – the community preprint server for psychology – turns 10! 🥳 Over the past decade, our community has published over 58,000 preprints, allowing re...

Most widely studied option evaluation strategies rely on knowledge accumulated across repeated experiences. But how should options be evaluated in ...

Memories tend to form networks that reflect relationships between experiences. These networks, or cognitive graphs, have been used to study how struct…