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Dr Suresh Singh

@palaeosingh.bsky.social
1.6K followers 560 following 374 posts

• Vertebrate Palaeontologist @ The Open University, UK • Studying the links between morphology, ecology & evolution across deep time, with a focus on terrestrial tetrapods & ecosystems • 🌿- 🦕- 🦖

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Reposted by Dr Suresh Singh
The Royal Society @royalsociety.org · 29/08/2026
The Darwin Medal 2026 is awarded to Professor Michael J Benton OBE FRS for his contribution to many aspects of palaeontological science, as well as authoring the standard textbooks in the field, popular science and children’s books. #RSMedals royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/…
A man in a blue shirt and glasses smiles at the camera in front of a university building interior.
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 28/08/2026
Very pleased to have my abstracts accepted for #IPC7! I’ll be presenting my latest work: the #macroevolution of Cenozoic South American carnivores, and synapsid & archosauromorph ecological dynamics across the Permo-Triassic. Looking forward to it! #FossilFriday #Paleontology #Evolution #SciComm
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Dr Bryony Blades @bryonyblades.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
Calling all past, present, and future users of PLASIM-GENIE! We are looking into launching a user group to facilitate easier access to support when setting up and running the model. We would like input on what would work best, so please get in touch here or on email! bryony.blades@open.ac.uk
A global map of surface air temperature from the intermediate complexity atmosphere-ocean general circulation model PLASIM-GENIE
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
Nice surprise to make a brief appearance in last night’s episode of #Evolution. I filmed material for the PBS (US) version, but wasn’t expecting to feature in the UK broadcast. Pleased to have had the opportunity to advise on the series & delighted to see the positive reception it’s received!
On screen appearance from the third episode of the series Official promotional material for episode 3 of the series
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 13/07/2026
Like many palaeontologists, Jurassic Park holds a special place in my heart, having helped spark my passion for palaeontology as a child. Sam Neill’s Alan Grant was a big part of that inspiration. Saddened to hear of his passing. RIP Sam Neill
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 06/07/2026
Very pleased to share the trailer for the new BBC/PBS series, #Evolution! Really glad I could contribute to the show as one of the scientific consultants & help bring #palaeobiology research to life on screen for a wider public audience. 📺 Airs 13th July in the UK www.youtube.com/watch?v=OG8s...
youtube.com
Evolution: Official Trailer | BBC Earth Science
YouTube video by BBC Earth Science
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Ryan N. Felice @rnf.bsky.social · 19/06/2026
New paper out today! @sternarchella.bsky.social and I review how modularity and integration influence adaptive radiations and diversification. Read it here: rdcu.be/fpcSX
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J Pardo @jdpardo.bsky.social · 18/06/2026
New in @science.org ...since our first discoveries of early tetrapods, they have been thought of as "amphibians" characterized by aquatic larvae. But is this true? For the first time, we report exceptional fossils of stem tetrapod babies that upend this paradigm. 1/n www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
science.org
Direct development of stem tetrapods across the fin-to-limb transition
Modern amphibians are characterized by an aquatic larval stage that ends abruptly with a period of widespread tissue remodeling (metamorphosis) upon transition to terrestrial adulthood. A transient la...
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Palaeoverse @palaeoverse.bsky.social · 18/06/2026
🚨Palaeoverse Lecture Series🚨 We are very excited to share our next four talks in the Series 🥳 We are looking forward to hearing from Corinne Myers, Pablo Milla Carmona, @brpetrucci.bsky.social, and Emilia Jarochowska! Sign up now at bit.ly/palaeoverse-...
Palaeoverse Lecture Series

Last Thursday of every month at 15:00 UTC

June 25th –  Dr Cori Myers, University of New Mexico
PaleoENM: a quantitative tool to study paleoecology and macroevolution on a dynamic Earth

July 30th –  Dr Pablo Milla Carmona, University of Bristol
Investigating evolution using theoretical morphospaces: a practical workflow with 'morphospace'

Aug 27th –  Bruno do Rosario Petrucci, Iowa State University
Budding phylogenetic trees: inference with BEAST2 and post-processing with paleobuddy

Sept 24th –  Dr Emilia Jarochowska, Utrecht University
CarboKitten.jl – stratigraphic forward modeling of marine carbonate rocks and its applications in paleobiology
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 16/06/2026
🚨 New Paper 🚨 - Landi et al. present a morphometric study on the morpho-functional diversity of beaked terrestrial tetrapods across the Permo-Triassic ⬇️ Great to see this published & have been a part of this project! #Paleontology #Ecomorphology #Triassic #Science dx.doi.org/10.1111/pala...
dx.doi.org
Beaks of the Permo‐Triassic: a morpho‐functional analysis at the dawn of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution
The Triassic was a unique time for beak evolution, as seen in a wide diversity of terrestrial tetrapods. Beaks were present in dicynodont synapsid survivors of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction even...
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Gabriel Ugueto @serpenillus.bsky.social · 12/06/2026
Last night was the premiere of the first episode of Surviving Earth! I want to share with you snippets of the concept art I did for Inostrancevia #SurvivingEarth
Concept design for Inostrancevia
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Ben Miller @extinctmonsters.bsky.social · 12/06/2026
I managed to watch Surviving Earth (thanks Peacock)*, so here here are a couple gorgonopsian skulls! #FossilFriday *I enjoyed it! Would have preferred a little more geographic and temporal context, but there was a lot more to like than in most of the competition.
Two vaguely dog-like fossil skulls with huge canines on a table.
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Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. @arctomet.bsky.social · 17/05/2026
Benoit, J., Legendre, L.J., Araújo, R. et al. Evolutionary stasis in synapsid encephalization during the end-permian mass extinction. Sci Rep (2026). doi.org/10.1038/s415...
doi.org
Evolutionary stasis in synapsid encephalization during the end-permian mass extinction - Scientific Reports
Scientific Reports - Evolutionary stasis in synapsid encephalization during the end-permian mass extinction
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 19/05/2026
Last few spots left for this summer! Open to undergrad & postgrad students - an excellent opportunity to be a part of a paleontological dig right here in the UK! #StudentResearch #Palaeontology #Fossils
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Chase Brownstein @chasedbrownstein.bsky.social · 22/04/2026
1/10 🚨🚨🚨 New paper on dinosaur evolution! Chris Griffin and I look at why we can't seem to figure out how the major groups are related! It might be a hint about how dinosaurs came to be! Photo: Anchisaurus @yalepeabodymuseum royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article...
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Serjoscha Evers @sirjoscha.bsky.social · 22/04/2026
Good to see that this specimen will reside in Brazil in the (hopefully near) future.
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Palaeoncryptozoologist Briton @raftingzalmoxes.bsky.social · 08/04/2026
🚨BREAKING NEWS: We got our first glimpse of the poster of #EvolutionWithChrisPackham !
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Emma Caton @emmacaton.bsky.social · 20/03/2026
Wonderful to see the Natural History Museum is as popular as ever! 💚 www.bbc.co.uk/news/article...
bbc.co.uk
Natural History Museum most popular tourist attraction in 2025
The venue broke the record for the most visitors to any museum or gallery in a single year.
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Natural History Museum, London @nhm-london.bsky.social · 18/03/2026
Think you know the Jurassic period? Think again. 🌊 Announcing our new exhibition, Jurassic Oceans: Monsters of the Deep, opening 22 May 2026. Find out more info and book your early bird tickets here: brnw.ch/21x0MBt
A marketing poster showing illustrations of Jurassic monsters with text that says "Jurassic Oceans, monsters of the deep. How do you measure up against these life-size ferocious predators?"
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 17/03/2026
Few spaces left now so do hurry if you want to get involved in some #palaeontology fieldwork in the UK! This #Carboniferous site is already yielding great floral fossils & we’re hopeful to find some more faunal fossils soon!🤞 See below for more details ⬇️ #Fossils #Science #Research #Geology
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 16/03/2026
Macungo et al. present a new middle #Permian gorgonopsian, Jirahgorgon ceto, from the Abrahamskraal Fm of South Africa 🇿🇦 - its large size suggests the emergence of large #gorgonopsians earlier than expected! 🔗 anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/... #Paleontology #Science #Synapsid
anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Evolutionary radiation of large‐bodied gorgonopsians from the lower Abrahamskraal formation of South Africa
The middle Permian represents a critical interval in therapsid evolution, when gorgonopsians emerged as some of the first specialized apex predators within terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their signi...
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 16/03/2026
Delighted to see this paper from my former MSc student Elías Warshaw now published - Big Congrats to him on getting his dissertation published!👏👏👏 The study explores how constraints & ecology shaped Permian #synapsid skull #evolution ⬇️ 🔗 www.nature.com/articles/s42... #Paleontology #Science
nature.com
Trophic ecology outweighed intrinsic constraints in shaping skull evolution of carnivorous Permian synapsids - Communications Biology
Anatomical network analysis and morphometric methods illuminate the influences of functional adaptation and developmental constraint on the evolution of cranial form in carnivorous Permian synapsids.
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 13/03/2026
Thrilled to have been a scientific advisor for Netflix’s new show: #TheDinosaurs 🦖🦕 Grand to see it out & the positive reception - 💯% on Rotten Tomatoes shows the enduring appeal of dinosaurs & their ability to inspire interest in #Paleontology, #NaturalHistory & #Science. #FossilFriday #SciComm
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Andy Farke @andyfarke.bsky.social · 10/03/2026
NHMLA has a student collections study award (deadline April 1) - nhm.org/student-coll.... NHM has great paleontology collections, AND it's near many other museums (Alf, San Bernardino Co. Museum, Western Center, Cooper Center, San Diego NHM), so a SoCal paleo trip can cover a lot of institutions!
nhm.org
Student Collections Study Award
The NHM Collections Study Awards provide funding for undergraduate and graduate students to visit and study the collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, the La Brea Tar Pits & ...
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 09/03/2026
🚨 Call for Abstracts 🚨 Abstract submission now open for a symposium meeting on #MarineReptile palaeontology hosted at @morethanadodo.bsky.social from 7-8th October 2026. Abstract deadline: 1st June 2026 #Palaeontology #Science #SciComm
Circular for new symposium on marine reptile palaeontology to be held at the Oxford Museum of Natural History between 7-8th October 2026. Abstract submission deadline: 1st June 2026.
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 09/03/2026
Smith & Sidor present a new shuvosaurid, Sonselasuchus cedrus, from the Late #Triassic Chinle Fm. in Arizona 🇺🇸 & a mass assemblage of at least 36 individuals. Seems these crocodile-line ‘dinosaur mimics’ were quite abundant! ⬇️ #Paleontology #Fossils #Science www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
tandfonline.com
Osteology and relationships of a new shuvosaurid (Pseudosuchia, Poposauroidea) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, U.S.A.
Shuvosauridae is a clade of pseudosuchian archosaurs currently represented by three named species characterized by a body plan strikingly convergent with that of ornithomimid theropod dinosaurs. Th...
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 04/03/2026
Pardo et al. report a new stem tetrapod, Tanyka amnicola, from Brazil 🇧🇷 that survived into the early #Permian, with interesting implications for faunal #evolution across the Permo-Carboniferous in the Southern Hemisphere. ⬇️ #Paleontology #Fossils #Science royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article...
royalsocietypublishing.org
An aberrant stem tetrapod from the early Permian of Brazil
Abstract. Early evolutionary history of tetrapods is typically divided into two major phases: an initial diversification of archaic stem tetrapod groups, a
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Mario Lanzas @mariolanzas.bsky.social · 28/02/2026
CRUROTARSI🐊 these are only a few examples of how diverse the lineage Crocodiles come from used to be 🐊 #crurotarsi #pseudosuchia #paleoart #purussaurus #deinosuchus #postosuchus #plesiosuchus #arizonasaurus #phytosauria
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Diego Ortega @diegooa.bsky.social · 27/02/2026
🌴🦈Carboniferous Puertollano🐸🌋 In the lands of La Mancha, fossils from the Late Carboniferous known from old coal mines reveal a tropical coastal swamp ecosystem, rich in aquatic and plant life #paleoart #FossilFriday #Carboniferous #Puertollano 🧵Thread for additional explanation
Drawing showing biodiversity from the Carboniferous of Puertollano, which includes plants, arthropods, fish and tetrapods. From left to right, top to bottom:
- The giant millipede Arthropleura walking through the forest floor, next to an amphibian (maker of the Puertollanopus tracks) and insects
- General view of the swamp landscape, with a volcano erupting in the background
- A early synapsid, maker of possible Dimetropus tracks
- Pecopteris monyi, leaves of a tree fern
- A pair of Acanthodes swimming through vegetation and smaller fish
- The temnospondyl Iberospondylus schultzei swimming next to some platysomid fish
- Small clam shrimp Euestheria
- Two lycophytes Omphalophloios puertollanense next to some swamp creatures
- The xenacanth Orthacanthus hunting in the murky waters
- Juvenile shark Lissodus hiding from the fish Progyrolepis speciosus
- Puertollanichthys richtei, a small fish, swimming through the vegetation
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 26/02/2026
New paper by Angielczyk et al. reports new #synapsids from the early #Permian tetrapod fauna of the Pedra de Fogo Formation, Brazil 🇧🇷 - South America’s first pelycosaurs! ⬇️ #Paleontology #Fossils #Science www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
tandfonline.com
Early synapsids from the Cisuralian (lower Permian) Pedra de Fogo Formation, Parnaíba Basin, Brazil: the first definitive South American “pelycosaurs”
The paleotropics of Euramerica provide nearly our entire picture of Permo–Carboniferous terrestrial tetrapod evolution. The geographic sampling bias inherent in this record obscures important event...
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Richard Butler @richardjbutler.bsky.social · 23/02/2026
Really sad news. Hans worked on an incredible diversity of vertebrate groups but in particular made huge contributions to our understanding of the Triassic.
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 19/02/2026
Nice to see more spinosaur skull material published. Sereno et al. present a new species of #Spinosaurus, S. mirabilis - with a snazzy cranial crest. #Paleontology #Science #Dinosaurs www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
science.org
Scimitar-crested Spinosaurus species from the Sahara caps stepwise spinosaurid radiation
We describe a close relative of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, the sail-backed, fish-eating giant from nearshore deposits of northern Africa. Spinosaurus mirabilis sp. nov., discovered in the central Sahara...
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 13/02/2026
🚨 UK Student Palaeo Research Opportunity 🚨 Brymbo Fossil Forest are offering students the chance to get involved in active palaeontology research & excavations ⚒️ at a unique #Carboniferous fossil site in Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 - See below for more details ⬇️ #Paleontology #Geology #Fieldwork #FossilFriday #ECR
The Brymbo Fossil Forest is offering students the chance to get involved in palaeontological excavations of a Carboniferous fossil forest in North Wales. QR code on image directs to further details.
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Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. @arctomet.bsky.social · 24/01/2026
Revealing the hidden patterns of shark and ray diversity over the past 145 million years: Current Biology www.cell.com/current-biol...
cell.com
Revealing the hidden patterns of shark and ray diversity over the past 145 million years
Gardiner et al. reconstruct the diversity of sharks and rays across the past 145 million years using deep learning and an extensive dataset. Their results unveil previously hidden patterns, including ...
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 16/01/2026
Presenting a skull of the #dicynodont, Ischigualastia, at the BYU Museum of Paleontology in Provo, Utah 🇺🇸 for this #FossilFriday. This ancient, beaked herbivore was the size of a cow & lived in Argentina 🇦🇷 during the Late #Triassic (~230 Ma). #Paleontology #Science 🧵 1/
The lateral view of a skull of the dicynodont, Ishigualastia jenseni, on display at the Brigham Young University Museum of Paleontology in Provo, Utah. This skull was discovered in 1964 from the Ishigualasto Formation, Argentina.
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c0nc0rdance @c0nc0rdance.bsky.social · 06/01/2026
I need a mood booster, let's talk about capybaras. Here's a capy demonstrating one of MANY ways they can move through the water: running along the bottom. They're 'semi-aquatic' mammals, just like hippos, seals & beavers. They LOVE water. (📷: Fernando Maidana)
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Gabriel Ugueto @serpenillus.bsky.social · 07/01/2026
Selected species of Dimetrodon. Here are various sketches showing some species of Dimetrodon, which was a quite diverse genus during the Early Permian. The genus includes about a dozen of species #paleoart #sciart #synapsids
Sketches showing reconstructions of Dimetrodon limbatus (top), D. loomisi (center) and D. limbatus (bottom)Sketches showing reconstructions of Dimetrodon angelensis (top), D. milleri (center) and D. grandis (bottom)Reconstructions of all Dimetrodon species shown in previous plates in scale next to silhouettes of a ca. 1.8 m tall human
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Kenneth De Baets @djbirddanerd.bsky.social · 09/01/2026
Just in time for #FossilFriday
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Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. @arctomet.bsky.social · 01/01/2026
Earliest Cenozoic ammonoids: Machalski, M., Olszewska-Nejbert, D., Landman, N.H. et al. Ammonite survival across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary confirmed by new data from Denmark. Sci Rep 15, 45802 (2025). doi.org/10.1038/s415...
doi.org
Ammonite survival across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary confirmed by new data from Denmark - Scientific Reports
We provide a reassessment of the hypothesis of ammonite survival across the Cretaceous–Paleogene (Maastrichtian–Danian) boundary, based on new data from the lower Danian Cerithium Limestone Member at ...
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Dr Susannah Lydon @susieoftraken.bsky.social · 19/12/2025
A chunk of Weald Clay from SE England, covered with fragments of ferns, conifers and other seed plants from 130 million years ago. Mesofossils may not look as appealing as large hand specimens, but can provide a better snapshot of vegetation. #FossilFriday ⚒🌏🌱🔬🌿🌲
A chunk of Weald Clay from SE England, covered with fragments of ferns, conifers and other seed plants from 130 million years ago.
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Dr. Brendan Anderson @fossilsndcoffee.bsky.social · 19/12/2025
For #fossilfriday, The New York Times has written a good article about the Paleontological Research Institution, what the museum means to the field of Paleontology, and its current financial situation (much improved even from a few weeks ago). 🧪🦑⚒️🦣 #paleontology www.nytimes.com/2025/12/19/s...
nytimes.com
An Engine of Fossil Discovery Fights Its Own Extinction
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WitmerLab at Ohio University @witmerlab.bsky.social · 19/12/2025
Apparently Bill Simpson, longtime Collections Manager of fossil vertebrates at the ⁦‪@FieldMuseum‬⁩ in Chicago, is retiring—after 46 yrs! Bill has always been so helpful, including pulling out the skull of ⁦‪@SUEtheTrex‬⁩ for study multiple times! Happy Retirement, Bill! 🎥: Emily Rieff #FossilFriday
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 19/12/2025
Nice new study by Martinez & Jenkins on procolophonid #parareptile tooth morphology & dietary #evolution ⬇️ Great to see their quantitative comparison to living reptiles 🦎 to infer procolophonid feeding habits 🍽️ #Paleontology #Science #Permian #Triassic www.cambridge.org/core/journal...
cambridge.org
Procolophonids display unique tooth morphologies in relation to reptilian herbivory | Journal of Paleontology | Cambridge Core
Procolophonids display unique tooth morphologies in relation to reptilian herbivory
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 19/12/2025
A somewhat festive snapshot for this last #FossilFriday before Christmas! 🎄 - Presenting Sophie the #Stegosaurus, one of the most complete stegosaur skeletons ever found, proudly on display front & centre in the Earth Hall at the @nhm-london.bsky.social. #Paleontology #Science 🧵 1/
A photo of Sophie the Stegosaurus on display within the Earth Hall, beneath a huge sculpture of the Earth that visitors can walk through. This hall marks the Exhibition Road entrance to the Natural History Museum UK in London.
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Mark Witton @markwitton.bsky.social · 12/12/2025
New #paleoart on #FossilFriday: #Tiktaalik sees the world. Discussions of early #tetrapods often focus on limbs and lungs, but major changes also took place in their eyes. Seeing further and clearer than any animal before, they were the first to clearly see sunsets, stars, and the moon. #sciart
Tiktaalik slugs its way over a muddy bank in a flooded Devonian landscape while the sun sets over the horizon. Banks of pink and purple clouds loom in front of distant streaks of orange as clear turquoise sky peeks through cloudless regions. Various trees and shrubs stand tall above purple water glistening with gold wavelets. With vision that could probably see in the UV spectrum and eyes beginning to adapt for the infinite visual range provided in aerial habitats, Titaalik pauses to take this all in, being among the first animals that can see the natural world in such detail. 

All which is to say - the next time you admire sunsets or the night sky, consider what this owes to events of 375 million years ago. When the first vertebrates struggled out of the water they rapidly developed eyes that were much sharper and clearer than those of their fishy ancestors, vision being of variable utility in most freshwater habitats. Millions of years on, what probably started as a means to navigate and find prey allows us to observe and enjoy the natural world with a sense of awe and wonder.
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Griffin Lab @griffinlabpaleo.bsky.social · 12/12/2025
The Vertebrate Paleontology students did a great job 3D printing and painting skulls—look at that homology!
A row of painted 3D printed skulls on a table A group of painted 3D printed skulls on a table
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Current Biology @currentbiology.bsky.social · 11/12/2025
In the early Devonian #lungfishes — now considered "living fossils" — were all the rage! A new #fish from China attests to this early diversification. www.cell.com/current-biol...
cell.com
A new fossil fish sheds light on the rapid evolution of early lungfishes
Qiao et al. report a new Early Devonian lungfish from China, Paleolophus, which bridges the morphological gap between Diabolepis and eudipnoans. Its three-dimensional preservation reveals cranial anat...
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Tess Gallagher @tessasaurus.bsky.social · 10/12/2025
Excited to announce that my second manuscript, “Fossilised Melanosomes Reveal Colour Patterning in A Sauropod Dinosaur” has been published in @royalsociety.org !! Diplodocus scales are complex and diverse, and it turns out their color patterning was even more so. A 🧵🦕 1/26
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Andrew Christopher Knapp @knapprew.bsky.social · 09/12/2025
New paper! Here we look at shape evolution of the mandible in Pelagiaria, a group of open-ocean fishes that includes tuna and mackerel. We find that shape disparity accumulated rapidly at the origin of the clade at around the K/Pg boundary... academic.oup.com/evlett/advan...
academic.oup.com
Adaptive radiation of pelagiarian fishes at the K/Pg boundary led to rapid diversification of mandible morphology
Abstract. Mandibles represent a key evolutionary innovation that has enabled jawed vertebrates to adapt and diversify in response to a range of food source
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Dr Suresh Singh @palaeosingh.bsky.social · 09/12/2025
Interesting new paper by Alfonso-Rojas et al. on #anaconda 🐍 size #evolution using fossils from Venezuela 🇻🇪 - they suggest giant anacondas are survivors from the radiation of giant vertebrates in South America during the Miocene ⬇️ #Paleontology #Science #Snakes www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
tandfonline.com
An early origin of gigantism in anacondas (Serpentes: Eunectes) revealed by the fossil record
Anacondas (Serpentes: Eunectes) are among the largest extant snakes, reaching body lengths up to 7 meters, but the evolution of gigantism in anacondas and its environmental drivers is poorly unders...
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