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Coacervates: bridging protocells and drug delivery
Coacervates, formed via liquid–liquid phase separation, are dynamic droplets generally used to analyze subcellular functions and the origin of life. Their independent microenvironments, selective enrichment, and signal responsiveness make them fundamental models of protocells that exhibit the characteristics required for drug delivery including high encapsulation efficiency, selective permeability, and responsive release. This review compares the development, design principles, and key characteristics of coacervate systems in these two areas and how they may inform each other, highlighting coacervates as a versatile platform connecting basic research into the origins of life with biomedical applications. Current challenges are critically discussed to offer valuable insights for future interdisciplinary development and encourage productive exchange between prebiotic compartmentalization and biomedical engineering.