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Xavier A. Jenkins

@semifossorial.bsky.social
776 followers 298 following 193 posts

Paleontologist and postdoc at the American Museum of Natural History. I study tetrapod origins, sensory evolution, and all things Permo-Carboniferous🦎🐢

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Reposted by Xavier A. Jenkins
Dynamognathus @dynamoterror.bsky.social · 02/10/2026
Quick sketch of Westlothiana lizziae, grabbing some lunch in early #Carboniferous Scotland. Formerly known as an early reptile-like amniote or maybe an amphibian, “Lizzie” was just reinterpreted as more early-diverging tetrapodomorph, possessing fishy gills and spiracles. #sciart #paleoart #fishart
Colored-pencil drawing of the superficially lizard-like animal Westlothiana, curling its body in a sinuous motion as it crushes a small aquatic insect nymph in its jaws. Its body is elongated, rusty brown, and covered in relatively large fish-like scales. The front legs are tiny and swept back as it lunged forwards, the hind legs are only a bit larger and spread out as if holding on to an underwater log. The head is low and oval shaped, and near the base of the front leg is a slit-like gill opening. Its eye is fairly large and looking down towards its prey.
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Science Magazine @science.org · 01/10/2026
These frogs “see” prey with their star-shaped toes. Learn more: scim.ag/4daOBJh
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
www.amnh.org/about/press-...
amnh.org
Fossil Long Known as World’s Oldest Reptile Dethroned: Press Release | AMNH
Study uncovers hidden gills and fish-like teeth in 345-million-year-old fossil, challenging ideas about the origins of reptiles.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
View-only link for those who don’t have access to Nature: rdcu.be/xRNEAAmp9zha
rdcu.be
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Jacob Schick (commissions open) @seismic-shrimp.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
I did the art for this!!! It’s nice to finally be able to talk about this
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
I’m super honored to have been co-first author on this study, big shout out to Ben Igielman for starting this project to begin with! This project is the first of many early Carboniferous revisions I’m a part of, keep an eye out for more in the future!
Our 3D reconstruction of the Westlothiana skull, in dorsal, lateral, palatal, and medial view.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
We now plan to study other taxa from East Kirkton (and nearby) to assess their identity, and see if any confidently be assigned to crown Tetrapoda.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
This also suggests that older evidence for crown tetrapods, including recently described Devonian trackways bearing claw-like tracks, be reinterpreted. The tracemaker of these trackways may have been an animal like Westlothiana - a quadrupedal, pentadactyl, and clawed stem tetrapod!
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
This is super important, because Westlothiana, as the (formerly) oldest crown tetrapod, had been used for molecular divergence estimates of Tetrapoda, and (mistakenly) for Reptilia by some studies.
Close up photos of the skull of Westlothiana, our reconstruction, and other important anatomy.Palatal, braincase, and gill arch elements of Westlothiana, covered in thousands of tiny teeth.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
This suggests that features long-consisered to be terrestrial adaptations, such as a more gracile humerus, pentadactyl foot, ‘amniote’ phalangeal formula, and claw-like phalanges known in Westlothiana, likely first evolved in an aquatic or amphibious setting in near relatives of crown tetrapods.
The forelimb bones of Westlothiana, showing many features for classically linked to terrestrial locomotion, including the absence of an L-shaped humerus and the presence of an olecranon process. Are these truly terrestrial features, is the morphology due to limb reduction in this taxon? The hip and hindlimb of Westlothiana, our scans reveal numerous additional tarsal elements that were not visible on the surface.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
Rather than being a terrestrial amniote, synchrotron tomography shows many features of the skull, branchial skeleton, and postcrania that are consistent with an aquatic lifestyle. This include palatal fangs and an ossified gill skeleton that still in articulation with the braincase!
A phylogenetic tree of early tetrapods, showing the placement of Westlothiana among stem tetrapods. Artist recon of Westlothiana by Jacob Schick!
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 30/09/2026
Out today: We show that Westlothiana lizziae or "Lizzie," described 35 years ago as the world's oldest reptile - is not a stem amniote at all, but a stem tetrapod. www.nature.com/articles/s41...
The part and counterpart of the holotype specimen of Westlothiana. Paleoartistic reconstruct of Westlothiana by Jacob Schick based on our new data
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Davide Foffa @davfoff.bsky.social · 09/09/2026
Important reading: www.nature.com/articles/s41...
nature.com
How contemporary academic structures constrain scientific creativity and hold back early-career researchers - Nature Human Behaviour
In this Perspective, Haubrock et al. argue that today’s scientific structures constrain creativity and that strategic conformity is a rational response. They discuss how this holds back early-career r...
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Reposted by Xavier A. Jenkins
J Pardo @jdpardo.bsky.social · 26/08/2026
New paper with @cisneros.bsky.social and colleagues. We report here a new deep-bodied ray-finned fish from the early Permian of northeast Brazil. Meet Nazaria limnica. www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 26/08/2026
👄 👁️
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Asher HELLbein @asherelbein.bsky.social · 14/08/2026
"Where do turtles belong on the reptile family tree?" is one of those questions that seems like a no-brainer. In actual fact, when you take a step back, turtles are *extremely* weird! I wrote about it for National Geographic
nationalgeographic.com
What, Exactly, Is a Turtle?
Paleontologists have resolved a decades-old debate over turtle evolution in a new study of 210-million-year-old skull fossils.
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Tiago Simões @trsimoes.bsky.social · 22/07/2026
Proud to share our latest paper in out in Nature today on the origin of #snakes. We present Tametara mirim, an articulated 3D preserved stem snake from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil. Tametara helped us re-tell the story of snake origins in a novel way... www.nature.com/articles/s41...
nature.com
Exceptional brain and ecological diversity in the earliest snakes - Nature
A well-preserved fossil snake from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil shows early ecological and brain shape disparity in the group.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 29/07/2026
Huge congrats and awesome braincase (:
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Stephan Spiekman @stephanspiekman.bsky.social · 25/06/2026
New review paper with Martín Ezcurra just published in @journalsystpal.bsky.social as part of a special issue! Modern reptiles comprise archosaurs 🐊🦉, lepidosaurs🦎🐍, and turtles🐢, but their origins is murky. Where do turtles fit in, really? And most marine reptiles? Choristoderes? Drepanosaurs? ->
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Cy Marchant @slvrhwk.bsky.social · 20/06/2026
Reconstructed skull of Eunotosaurus africanus, an early reptile from the Permian of southern Africa. 🐢 Long hypothesized to be an ancient ancestor of turtles, recent work led by @semifossorial.bsky.social shows this curious creature is instead a 'turtleized' millerettid. (1/🧵) #FossilFriday
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 18/06/2026
I feel like this is going to be a constant narrative for a while now
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 13/06/2026
Gosh. Would love an anatomy-heavy documentary. But maybe the target audience is too niche? (writing our pitch now)
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Berensreverie 🤒 @berensreverie.bsky.social · 12/06/2026
Dimetrodon's Daydream #berensart2026 #paleoart
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American Museum of Natural History @amnh.org · 10/06/2026
🔵🟠KNICKS IN 5!*🟠🔵
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Riley Black 🏳️‍⚧️ 🦖 @restingdinoface.bsky.social · 29/05/2026
A fossil thought to be key to turtle evolution turns out to be something else - which clarifies where our shelly friends came from. Today’s free newsletter is out (short article + my latest writing + upcoming events + ear perks from the week).
buttondown.com
Friday Fragments #15
Turns out a proposed turtle ancestor isn't, but that makes the origins of our shelly friends clearer.
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Matt Friedman @friedmanlab.bsky.social · 04/06/2026
Led by the incomparable Sanaa El-Sayed, a study out today in Science Advances throws open an important new window on marine fish diversity during the critical few million years following the K-Pg mass extinction. Below: artistic vision of the new fauna by Ian Baylatry.
Illustration of many fishes swimming in sunlit blue water.
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J Pardo @jdpardo.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
New paper. Modern hagfishes (Myxiniformes) have radically reduced eyes. When did these reductions happen, and how? Leveraging the diverse hagfish fauna from Mazon Creek, we show this happened gradually in animals occupying shallow marine environments royalsocietypublishing.org/rsbl/article...
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
It means we should really revisit some of of the more recent hypotheses on an exclusively burrowing origin of the turtle shell. We should look at Triassic turtles more closely! 👀
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
The skeletal reconstructions in our paper are by @slvrhwk.bsky.social and @literallymiguel.bsky.social , and the amazing Gabriel Ugueto @serpenillus.bsky.social brought Eunotosaurus back to life. 😃
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
Huge thanks to ALL of my coauthors here, who all contributed to this project in significant ways. This work would not have been possible without our South African colleagues and the utterly amazing fossil collections there.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
So, long story short: soft tissues, molecules, and fossils are now in agreement… turtles are close relatives of archosaurs. 🐢
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
To be thorough, we used constraint analyses to test all other alternative hypotheses of turtle origins, including with extinct groups such as captorhinids, pareiasaurs, and even living lepidosaurs 🦎. Each of these hypotheses are statistically rejected.
Various constrain analyses showing the additional steps required to place turtle origins among other groups of fossil reptiles
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
When we incorporate all of this into a phylogenetic analysis of 962 characters, the result is unambiguous: Eunotosaurus is a millerettid. Turtles (Pantestudines) are among the earliest relatives of archosaurs.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
And those T-shaped, overlapping ribs? That were supposed to be strong support for Eunotosaurus-as-a-turtle? We show that they’re present in another millerettid from South Africa: Milleretta rubidgei. In fact, both Eunotosaurus and Milleretta develop these broadened ribs during ontogeny.
A figure showing the skeleton of the millerettid Milleretta, the skeleton of a juvenile Eunotosaurus, and an adult Eunotosaurus. They shared broadened ribs that become T-shaped during ontogeny
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
The secondary closure of the upper temporal fenestra - the key feature used to link Eunotosaurus to turtles and crown reptiles - turns out to be a diagnostic feature of Millerettidae, first recognized in 1957, and further documented by us last year.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
Instead, it shares a suite of braincase and skull roof features that are nearly identical to millerettids…. the very group some researchers had allied it with before the turtle hypothesis took over again.
A figure showing just some of the millerettid features present in Eunotosaurus and Milleretta. Look how similar their skulls are!
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
Our data also show that braincase of Eunotosaurus is unlike any fossil turtle. It’s even more primitive than all known neodiapsids, a group living and fossil reptiles known from the late Permian onward.
A figure showing numerous plesiomorphic (primtive) features present in Eunotosaurus and millerettids (left) and crown reptiles (right). Specifically showing the ear region, occiput, and hindlimb
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
We re-segmented the skull of CM-777 and revisited EVERY specimen of Eunotosaurus present in South African collections, as well as the holotype in the UK. Our segmentation shows some key differences, for instance, the ‘supratemporal’ of recent studies is just the parietal.
Our segmentation of Eunotosaurus specimen CM-777 and reconstructions of the taxon based on all available specimensPrevious reconstructions of Eunotosaurus based on CM-777 alone.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
One specimen of Eunotosaurus in particular - CM-777 - was heavily distorted and over prepared historically, with regions like its external nares artificially enlarged. The skull roof of the specimen was even removed and added back onto the fossil.
The crushed skull of Eunotosaurus specimen CM-777 in all of its distorted glory. For decades this was the best preserved specimen of a Eunotosaurus skull
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
Now, back to Eunotosaurus. We show that many interpretations by recent studies were based on the poorly preserved specimens known at the time.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
Once corrected, the similarities between Proganochelys and early archosauromorphs are striking. I’ll keep the anatomical details for the paper, and let this figure do the heavy lifting!
The braincase figure from earlier again (:
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
Wrong. We went back to Proganochelys using tomographic data and found critical misidentifications in the braincase bones - misidentifications that stem directly from the old assumption that turtles sat outside ‘Sauria’ as primitive anapsids.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
But how could the fossil record possibly support this? Proganochelys didn’t look anything like archosauromorphs - and it had the braincase of a primitive reptile. Right?
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
Then came genomics. Over three decades of increasingly powerful molecular analyses, the result has been remarkably consistent: turtles are sister to archosaurs. 🐢 🦅 🐊
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
This work was largely overlooked by paleontologists until the 90s, and even then only partially integrated.
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
Nasal capsule anatomy, nictating membrane morphology, jaw muscle innervation, heart vasculature, even proteomics…all pointing the same way!
A red eared slider blinking and show off its nictitating membrane
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
Meanwhile, anatomists working on living turtles kept finding soft-tissue evidence pointing somewhere completely different: turtles as close relatives of crocodilians and birds. 🐢 🦅 🐊
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
That choice of comparators shaped anatomical interpretations for decades. More on that down below! ⬇️
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
This paradigm had real downstream consequences. Foundational comparative studies on early turtle fossil, like Gaffney’s landmark work on the Triassic turtle Proganochelys , compared them not to living reptiles, but to Paleozoic stem amniotes like captorhinids.
A bunch of turtle skulls in lateral view as well as a single captorhinid (A). Gaffney’s 1990 monograph on turtle evolution and the Triassic turtle Proganochelys compared turtles not to living reptiles but to captorhinids, a group of Paleozoic tetrapods that may not have even been reptiles at all
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Xavier A. Jenkins @semifossorial.bsky.social · 28/05/2026
Even researchers who suspected turtles might be secondarily anapsid (i.e. descended from a diapsid ancestor) couldn’t dislodge this as the consensus.
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