Plants rely on cell surface immune receptors to detect microbial patterns and initiate effective defense responses. Although the Asteraceae family ...

Herbivore insects are on an evolutionary tug-of-war with plants. An important part of the plant-herbivore insect interaction is the exchange of molecules, in particular proteins (in the form of effect...

Plants and animals respond to pathogen attack by mounting innate immune responses that require intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. These immune receptors detect pathog...

Using cryo-electron tomography, the authors reveal how plasmodesmata (plant cytoplasmic bridges) are gated by cell wall remodelling and how helical protein assemblies scaffold internal membranes, with...

A pooled, cell-based, genetic screening platform in plants is used for the functional analysis of cytokinin signaling proteins.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) mediate plant immune responses by detecting extracellular immunogenic patterns, including microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). PRR signaling is commonly assessed using assays such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, cytosolic calcium influx, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and seedling growth inhibition (SGI), which are performed in distinct experimental systems, including seedlings grown on artificial media and soil-grown rosettes. Here, we systematically compare receptor kinase immune outputs triggered by the bacterial MAMPs elf18 and flg22 in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and rosettes across a range of concentrations. Rosettes exhibited greater sensitivity than seedlings in ROS assays, whereas cytosolic calcium responses measured using the Aeqcyt/pMAQ2 reporter were stronger in seedlings, correlating with reduced reporter transcript accumulation in rosette tissue. MAPK activation was consistently stronger in rosettes, whereas SGI assays revealed higher sensitivity to elf18 than flg22 in seedlings despite flg22 inducing stronger early signaling outputs. Together, these results demonstrate that canonical PRR-mediated immune outputs are differentially sensitive to experimental context and should not be interpreted as interchangeable measures of immune activation. These findings highlight the importance of considering experimental conditions when comparing immune responses across assays and developmental stages. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. National Institutes of Health, https://ror.org/01cwqze88, R35GM136402 Fundación Alfonso Martín Escudero, https://ror.org/02897ye82

Many plants, unlike most animals, can reproduce as clones [D. Kester, HortScience 18, 831–837 (1983), 10.21273/hortsci.18.6.831]. Cloning plants is...

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) has emerged as an important strategy for plant stress resistance, yet its dynamic regulation during plant–pat...

Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) pathogens cause destructive plant wilt diseases of a wide variety of crops, leading to significant ag...

Harnessing synthetic biology to engineer resilient crops

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Eukaryotes detect biomolecules through surface-localized receptors, key signaling components. A subset of receptors survey for pathogens, induce immunity, and restrict pathogen growth. Comparative gen...