Consider a simple finite graph and its nodes to represent identical water barrels (containing different amounts of water) on a level plane. Each edge corresponds to a (locked, water-filled) pipe connecting two barrels below the plane. We fix one node $v$ and consider the optimization problem relating to the maximum value to which the level in $v$ can be raised without pumps, i.e. by opening/closing pipes in a suitable order. This fairly natural optimization problem originated from the analysis of an opinion formation process and proved to be not only sufficiently intricate in order to be of independent interest, but also difficult from an algorithmic point of view.

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Local quantum nondemolition measurements and optical manipulation of long-lived circular Rydberg atoms are demonstrated by coupling them to an auxiliary array of low-angular-momentum Rydberg atoms.

It’s usually the task of the modeler to make their assumptions fit the real world as closely as is practical. It was now our task to make a real-world drum that conformed to the modeling assumptions.