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Dr Kevin Lee

@dr-kevinlee.com
1.7K followers 1.5K following 214 posts

Physician-Imager: endocrinology & nuclear medicine #AusMedSky www.linkedin.com/in/kevinleefracp

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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Anil Dash @anildash.com · 16/03/2025
Mark is beloved by millions of kids, which makes it particularly great that he’s teaching them how to inform their parents that Tesla is a danger to children. This is another one of those “we don’t need a ‘Rogan of the left’, we need normal men” examples.
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 14/03/2025
Mundus sine Caesaribus
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 11/03/2025
Research on GP knowledge of #MECFS - based on pre-COVID data: “a third to a half of all GPs did not accept ME/CFS as a genuine clinical entity and, even when they did, they lacked confidence in diagnosing or managing it.” Though acknowledging mostly UK data www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57...
mdpi.com
A Literature Review of GP Knowledge and Understanding of ME/CFS: A Report from the Socioeconomic Working Group of the European Network on ME/CFS (EUROMENE)
Background and Objectives: The socioeconomic working group of the European myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) Research Network (EUROMENE) has conducted a review of the literat...
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Tom Kindlon @tomkindlon.bsky.social · 16/02/2025
Possible Racial Disparities in the Diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/22... "White respondents had 2.94 greater odds of being diagnosed with ME/CFS than non-White respondents" #MEcfs #CFS
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME/CFS) a chronic, disabling illness with no established etiopathology. It has been indicated in some population-based studies that Black and ethnic minority populations are underdiagnosed with ME/CFS. The aims of the present study were to (1) identify the agreement between receiving an ME/CFS diagnosis and meeting diagnostic criteria, (2) identify the demographic characteristics associated with receiving a diagnosis, and (3) explore patient satisfaction with healthcare. Self-reported medical history and symptoms were collected via online survey from respondents with and without fatigue. The agreement between self-reporting an ME/CFS diagnosis and meeting the Center for Disease Control’s (CDC) ME/CFS criteria or Institute of Medicine (IOM) criteria was assessed with Cohen’s kappa. Patient characteristics predicting a physician diagnosis were analyzed with logistic regression. Associations between diagnosis, demographics, and healthcare satisfaction were assessed with chi-square tests of independence. There were 1110 responses. The agreement between meeting ME/CFS criteria and reporting an ME/CFS diagnosis was fair (CDC: κ = 0.29; SE = 0.02; IOM: κ = 0.28, SE = 0.03). White respondents had 2.94 greater odds of being diagnosed with ME/CFS than non-White respondents. Having an ME/CFS diagnosis was associated with dissatisfaction with healthcare (χ2 (3, N = 1063) = 14.17, p = 0.003). The findings suggest racial disparities in the diagnostic processes for ME/CFS.
Keywords: bias; social determinants of health; minority; long COVID; inequality
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Ror Preston @rorpreston.bsky.social · 16/02/2025
A comparison of UK Government research funding for ME/CFS compared to other diseases like MS, IBD and Parkinson's 🧐 @nihr.bsky.social and @ukri.org we need ring-fenced funding for ME as part of the Delivery Plan Thank you to @mediumwhite.bsky.social & co. for analysis #MECFS #NHS
Area chart showing ME funding (£6m) vs. MS, IBD and Parkinson's by the UK Government, 2015-20
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 16/02/2025
ifnmujournal.com/gmj/article/... adolescent #t1dm clinic study - 25/70 pts (36%) positive bedside test for #POTS- HbA1c in that group high- 10.4%
ifnmujournal.com
Galician Medical Journal
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Dr. Markus Fraczek @mareksjf.bsky.social · 15/02/2025
This is a good and bad paper at the same time - if you compare #MECFS to #LongCovid in any scientific context, you must compare LC+PEM (i.e., ME from Covid) to #MECFS. Otherwise, you get the average of symptoms from any post-Covid condition.
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 15/02/2025
I think it’s quite clear to outsiders- 🇺🇸 land of the bigsoda, bigsugar, bigfastfood, also the land of the biotech, pharma. Can’t make 🇺🇸 healthy without addressing the former
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Neurologist Mom @neurologistmom.bsky.social · 19/01/2025
Long COVID further disrupts sleep, and poor sleep causes even more damage. Ensuring better sleep for patients should be a priority. 3/3 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39788123/
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep - PubMed
As the brain transitions from wakefulness to sleep, processing of external information diminishes while restorative processes, such as glymphatic removal of waste products, are activated. Yet, it is n...
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Neurologist Mom @neurologistmom.bsky.social · 12/02/2025
COVID-related conditions should be integrated into medical education rather than being left to so-called ‘Long COVID clinics.’ When those in charge lack a real understanding of the condition, these clinics end up becoming gaslighting centers. Physician education must come first.
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 14/02/2025
www.frontiersin.org/journals/pha... #Quercetin Enhancement of Macroautophagy for Cellular Regulation. Its dynamic role in bolstering macroautophagy is a critical cellular process for maintaining homeostasis
Figure 3. Quercetin’s Enhancement of Macroautophagy for Cellular Regulation. The quercetin’s dynamic role in bolstering macroautophagy is a critical cellular process for maintaining homeostasis through the degradation and recycling of proteins and organelles. Quercetin modulates the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to decreased mTOR activity and the initiation of autophagy.
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
lmn24.bsky.social @lmn24.bsky.social · 12/02/2025
Just reflecting on the realisation that my medical education taught me much more about Munchausen’s, which I have rarely if ever seen, than ME/CFS, which I now see near daily.
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 11/02/2025
It’s 2025, there really is no excuse to get blank looks from HCPs in Australia when #MyalgicEncephalomyelitis #MECFS is mentioned, policy makers should do more to ensure such given the health equity and access that pwME pwLC deserve
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 11/02/2025
A small study but #mecfs pts with or without “psychogenic pseudosyncope “ diagnosis, greater orthostatic 🧠 blood flow drop pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC...
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Tom Kindlon @tomkindlon.bsky.social · 10/02/2025
🧵 Good Practice Guidelines for Psychologists Working with People with ME/CFS November 2024 Update meassociation.org.uk/wp-content/u... Although this isn't brand new, I found it interesting so I'm going to post some extracts to this thread. #MEcfs #CFS #PwME 1/
Logos for the British Psychological Society, Action for ME & ME Association

Good Practice Guidelines for Psychologists Working with People with ME/CFS
November 2024 Update 

Screenshot of 1st 2 paragraphs
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Roger Creel @rogercreel.bsky.social · 30/12/2024
Humankind prior to 8 ka consisted of fewer than 50 million people, many of whom were migratory. Modern human civilization in the 21st century is projected to near 10 billion people, hundreds of millions of whom live in permanent coastal communities that cannot be relocated inland.
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Billy Hanlon @bhanlon15.bsky.social · 09/02/2025
MDPI: “Serum Spike Protein Persistence Post COVID Is Not Associated with ME/CFS” “this study provides further evidence for serum spike persistence in a subset of individuals after SARS-CoV-2 but found no association with ME/CFS or symptom severity” www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14...
mdpi.com
Serum Spike Protein Persistence Post COVID Is Not Associated with ME/CFS
Background/Objectives: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 3–6% of people suffer from post-COVID condition or syndrome (...
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 09/02/2025
American endocrinologist shortages , one issue : “increase in referrals for diagnoses typically managed by primary care is further exacerbating access issues for patients with more complex cases when an endocrinology consult is critical and necessary” www.endocrine.org/news-and-adv...
endocrine.org
Medical School Engagement Program Opens Pathways to Endocrinology
Sacha Uelmen, Director, Professional & Clinical Affairs: "There is an alarming shortage of U.S. medical students choosing to enter the field of endocrinology, a situation exacerbated by the declining ...
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Irish ME/CFS Association @irishmecfsassoc.bsky.social · 06/02/2025
An ad we & the Irish ME Trust are running in this month's Forum magazine for Irish GPs in advance of our free webinar in April #MyalgicEncephalomyelitis #ChronicFatigueSyndrome
GP Educational Webinar
on PVFS and ME/CFS
Dr Ros Vallings, a New Zealand GP who is an expert
on myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue
syndrome (ME/CFS), will present a free talk entitled
'Key Messages for Primary Care on the Diagnosis
and Management of Post Viral Fatigue Syndrome
and ME/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome', followed by
a Q&A session on Tuesday, April 8 at 7:30pm.
Accreditation applied for from the Irish College of GPs
For more information, contact CPD@irishmecfs.org

38 FORUM January/February 2025
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 06/02/2025
Glad to see other groups seeing the same thing, as it’s been puzzling that it’s common enough but so under appreciated- hypoglycemia in hypermobile Ehlers Danlos pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC...
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Hypoglycemia Associated With Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Hypoglycemia in the absence of diabetes is often multifactorial and challenging to diagnose definitively. We present a case report and an expanded series of adult females with reactive hypoglycemia wh...
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
#9 Dream @gayfabfourfan.bsky.social · 03/02/2025
“Overall, the study provided new evidence that COVID-19 may accelerate Alzheimer’s disease-related brain changes, even in individuals with mild infections. The observed alterations in plasma biomarkers suggested a potential long-term impact on brain health.” www.news-medical.net/news/2025020...
news-medical.net
Does COVID increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease?
COVID-19, even in mild cases, is linked to changes in Alzheimer’s disease-related brain biomarkers comparable to four years of aging. This study raises concerns about long-term neurological risks and ...
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 01/02/2025
Beta‐blocker‐associated hypoglycaemia bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...
bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
BPS Publications
Aims To investigate the statistical association between hypoglycaemia and β-blocker use and to define what patient and drug characteristics could potentially increase the risk for its occurrence. ...
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Dr Louise Hyde @seasidegp.bsky.social · 31/01/2025
When I trained in medicine I was told that Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS/ME) was rare. I expected to see a handful of cases in my whole career. Now I have Long Covid related CFS myself, I know of many affected colleagues, & saddest of all, 3 of my kids’ friends. www.livescience.com/health/coron...
livescience.com
1 in 22 COVID survivors develop debilitating chronic syndrome
A study suggests that catching COVID-19 significantly raises the risk of developing ME/CFS (formerly called "chronic fatigue syndrome"), a typically lifelong condition that can be debilitating.
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 30/01/2025
Important work from Australian group. It’s interesting that rather than novel, probably just forgotten by clinicians. Brain perfusion SPECT been used in #MECFS for years, it’s part of the diagnostic primer for medical practitioners from 2012 www.investinme.org/Documents/Gu...
investinme.org
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 29/01/2025
Cochrane Review is...
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Dr. Bel @drbelkr.bsky.social · 29/01/2025
90s ME/CFS cognitive behavioural hypothesis: patients falsely believe they're sick = activity avoidance = deconditioning = symptoms CBT & graded exercise therapy: fix false belief & return to activity = reconditioning = recovery BUT they don't work ME/CFS patients ARE sick #MECFS #organicillness
frontiersin.org
Frontiers | CBT and graded exercise therapy studies have proven that ME/CFS and long COVID are physical diseases, yet no one is aware of that
The cognitive behavioral model (CBmodel) (1,2) has dominated the world of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) since the 1990s. Accord...
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 29/01/2025
And there are doctors that haven't heard of #longcovid, kid you not.
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 29/01/2025
Wow is #quercetin benefits in #T2DM too good to be true? In a RCT vs control , multitude of benefits pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC...
Graph showing Percentage change (Δ%) in the 8 components/subscales of the SF-36 Quality of Life Scale from the beginning to eight months of this study among 88 patients with T2DM randomized to intervention (n = 42) and control (n = 46) groups.
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Tom Kindlon @tomkindlon.bsky.social · 28/01/2025
"Post infectious fatigue and circadian rhythm disruption in long-COVID and other infections: a need for further research" www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti... Image from latest Science for ME update #MEcfs #LongCovid
eClinicalMedicine
Post infectious fatigue and circadian rhythm disruption in long-COVID and other infections: a need for further research — Livieratos et al.
Opinion. "This paper focuses on unraveling this complex relationship, with particular attention to Long COVID as a model for understanding post-infectious fatigue syndromes. By highlighting circadian dysregulation as a potential therapeutic target, we aim to underscore the importance of further research in this area"
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Tom Kindlon @tomkindlon.bsky.social · 28/01/2025
Assessment of Autonomic Nervous System Function in CFS & Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Presenting with Recurrent Syncope www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14... "Patients with #CFS, irrespective of etiology, exhibit significant autonomic nervous system dysfunction and a high prevalence of syncope" #LongCovid #PASC
Screenshot of abstract
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Tom Kindlon @tomkindlon.bsky.social · 27/01/2025
From @meresearchuk.bsky.social A study showed the majority of individuals with ME/CFS, without PoTS, had abnormalities in cerebral blood flow indicative of orthostatic intolerance. The researchers suggest endothelial dysfunction (blood vessel issues) is at play Read more: bit.ly/tilttableME #MEcfs

THE TILT TABLE TEST & ME/CFS
The tilt table test assesses how the body reacts to a change in position from lying to upright.
Individuals with postural orthostatic tachycardia (POTS), a known ME/CFS comorbidity, typically have an abnormal heart rate-blood pressure (HR-BP) response upon testing. However, researchers found certain abnormalities in most (91%) participants with ME/CFS without POTS, which are not always assessed for during tilt table testing. These involved cardiac output (CO; how much blood heart pumps) and cerebral blood flow (CBF; how much blood brain receives).
Van Campen et al. (2024) 'The Cardiac Output -Cerebral Blood Flow Relationship Is Abnormal in Most Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients with a Normal Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Response During a Tilt Test'
In-depth tilt table testing - ME/CFS without POTS → normal HR-BP response BUT abnormal CO and CBF → potentially indicating endothelial dysfunction, i.e. blood vessel issues
→ orthostatic intolerance
INFORM. INFLUENCE. INVEST.
ME
RESEARCH UK SC036942
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Reposted by Dr Kevin Lee
Rex Patrick @mrrexpatrick.bsky.social · 28/01/2025
In its most recent (30 June 24) stock portfolio holdings report the #FutureFund held 7,908,556 shares in NVIDIA Corp. If that number is unchanged then last night we took a hit of about AUD$300M on that one stock. Just saying! #auspol
afr.com
Nvidia erases $1 trillion in value in DeepSeek rout
The chipmaker, the poster child of the AI frenzy, sank 18 per cent in the biggest market-cap loss for a single stock in history.
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 28/01/2025
Imagine spending that type of money on health, on #longcovid #mecfs research
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Mark Cuban @mcuban.bsky.social · 28/01/2025
I'm not an AI expert. But IMO, the biggest take away is that our biggest AI companies tried to make competition about how much money they could spend. Locking out others. Deepseek turned that upside down. Which could open the door to many smarter, more entrepreneurial competitors
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 28/01/2025
“turning made-up metrics into dollar valuations detached from reality. Now DeepSeek has exposed the scam.”
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#MillionsMissing Aus @mmissingaus.bsky.social · 15/01/2025
New Aussie #mecfs research: "While single-biofluid biomarkers may be sufficient as diagnostic biomarkers, the complexity of ME/CFS suggests that correlating biomarker levels in blood with those in other biofluids may offer a more comprehensive understanding of their mechanistic roles." 1/2
translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com
Machine learning and multi-omics in precision medicine for ME/CFS - Journal of Translational Medicine
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex and multifaceted disorder that defies simplistic characterisation. Traditional approaches to diagnosing and treating ME/CFS hav...
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Hans H. Diebner @unbewegter-beweger.eurosky.social · 15/01/2025
EXCELLENT READ, yet I do not understand the equalisation of ME/CFS with MUS. In my humble opinion, ME symptoms are no longer "unexplained" for a couple of years due to insights into pathogenesis, particularly the mitochondrial dysfunctions. doi.org/10.1136/jme-...
doi.org
Re-visiting professional ethics in psychotherapy: reflections on the use of talking therapies as a supportive adjunct for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and ‘medically unexplained ...
Following years of debate over the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), public health bodies in the UK and beyond have determ...
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valebodi.bsky.social @valebodi.bsky.social · 14/01/2025
Two Different Hemodynamic Responses in ME/CFS Patients with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome During Head-Up Tilt Testing www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13... Visser, van Campen & Rowe #MECFS #POTS #Hemodynamics
mdpi.com
Two Different Hemodynamic Responses in ME/CFS Patients with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome During Head-Up Tilt Testing
Introduction: While the diagnosis of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is based on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) criteria, the pathophysiology of POTS is not fully understood ...
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Billy Hanlon @bhanlon15.bsky.social · 14/01/2025
The Guardian: '‘The pandemic isn’t over’: my year of long Covid – video' 'Darren Parkinson is one of about 2 million people living with long Covid in England and Scotland. The illness is having a detrimental impact on his life..' www.theguardian.com/society/vide...
theguardian.com
‘The pandemic isn’t over’: my year of long Covid – video
Darren Parkinson is one of about 2 million people living with long Covid in England and Scotland. The illness is having a detrimental impact on his life, stopping him from being the kind of active and...
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 14/01/2025
Interestingly 4.5% #mecfs also was found in different study - INSPIRE registry, irrespective of COVID positive or negative status jamanetwork.com/journals/jam...
jamanetwork.com
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome After SARS-CoV-2 Infection
This cohort study investigates the incidence of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)–like symptoms in individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection and whether ME/CFS symptom prev...
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 10/01/2025
Trying to find more published data on this: in #POTS trying to find how many pts respond to pharm & non-pharm management . These are some data I could find from myheart.net/pots-syndrome/
Pie chart- 70.8%  answered yes to better manage and improve quality of life since official diagnosis of POTSPie chart : most effective treatment experienced by individuals with POTS:
	•	Medications: 52.7% found them most effective.
	•	Other treatments: 25.6%.
	•	Diet: 10.9%.
	•	Exercise: 10.8%.
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 09/01/2025
“compression tights reduced heart rate and symptoms both acutely and after several hours of use.” In #POTS www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
Graphic abstract.

Results
Protocol #1: Standing heart rate was reduced (105 [99-116] beats/min vs 119 [105-130] beats/min; P < 0.001) and symptoms improved (P < 0.001), during AM-ON vs AM-OFF. Standing heart rate (P = 0.04) and symptoms (P = 0.004) increased when compression was removed after several hours. Protocol #2: Standing heart rate was reduced (84 [77-90] beats/min vs 89 [84-100] beats/min; P < 0.001), and symptoms improved (P = 0.03), during AM-ON vs AM-OFF. Standing heart rate (P = 0.02) and symptoms (P < 0.001) increased when compression was removed after several hours.
Conclusions
Commercially available compression tights reduced heart rate and symptoms both acutely and after several hours of use. This additional benefit persisted whether concomitant medications were used. (Compression Garments in the Community With POTS [COM-COM-POTS]; NCT04881318)
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 02/01/2025
Self-reported generalised joint hypermobility associated with covid non-recovery / #longcovid risk bmjpublichealth.bmj.com/content/2/1/...
bmjpublichealth.bmj.com
Is joint hypermobility linked to self-reported non-recovery from COVID-19? Case–control evidence from the British COVID Symptom Study Biobank
Objectives This study sought to explore whether generalised joint hypermobility (GJH, a common marker of variant connective tissue) was a risk factor for self-reported non-recovery from COVID-19 infec...
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Tom Kindlon @tomkindlon.bsky.social · 30/12/2024
A big thank you to everyone who did anything, big or small, for the #MyalgicEncephalomyelitis / #ChronicFatigueSyndrome (+/or #LongCovid) cause in 2024 (including simply sharing messages on social media). 👍👏 Together we can make a difference. #MEcfs #PwME #PwLC
Image showing "thank you" in lots of different languages
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Philip Bump @pbump.com · 31/12/2024
LinkedIn is cool because I was always wondering what it would be like if people I sort of knew wrote mediocre press releases about themselves.
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AIRLIVE @airlive.net · 30/12/2024
Why was there a concrete wall at the end of runway 19 causing the destruction of the Jeju Air Boeing 737-800? airlive.net/emergency/2024/12/29/wh…
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Dr. Mark P. Barry ☯︎ @drmarkpbarry.bsky.social · 30/12/2024
(News Focus) Questions raised on concrete mound at airport of Jeju Air crash en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN2024...
en.yna.co.kr
(News Focus) Questions raised on concrete mound at airport of Jeju Air crash | Yonhap News Agency
By Chae Yun-hwan MUAN, South Korea, Dec. 30 (Yonhap) -- Questions have grown over the ex...
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 30/12/2024
#luteolin vs #quercetin, the difference in estrogen effect- much more with luteolin pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC...
Estrogen agonist activity of luteolin and quercetin. T47D KBluc cells were treated with luteolin (circles), quercetin (squares), or vehicle for 20 h. Induction of luciferase activity by 1 nM 17β-estradiol is defined as 100 %
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Neurologist Mom @neurologistmom.bsky.social · 30/12/2024
Long COVID, ME/CFS, and Post-Infectious Syndromes: A year-long program from Bateman Horne Center and University of Utah! Designed for medical professionals, encouraging your HCPs to join is a step toward integrating these subjects into med school curricula. Please share to spread the word 🙏🏻(1/4)
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Dr Kevin Lee @dr-kevinlee.com · 30/12/2024
Note: naltrexone dose increase from 25mg to 100mg vary only little Mu-opioid receptor blockade but more significant increase in KOR blockade www.researchgate.net/figure/Simul...
Simulated receptor occupancy of naltrexone at the mu (red) and kappa (blue) opioid receptor as a function the log10 of the oral dose (D) The sixfold difference in naltrexone’s affinity for MOR over KOR results in a right shift of the dose-occupancy curve. As a result, the difference in receptor occupancy between 25 and 100 mg naltrexone is only 5.5% for MOR (red arrow), but 19.6% for KOR (blue arrow). Vertical reference lines represent 25 and 100 mg doses.
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