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Coffee & Donatus

@coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social
329 followers 161 following 284 posts

Early grammars and related matters of art and design. Images from institutions (attributed) and private collections (watermarked C&D). Coffee and donuts to be found elsewhere.

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Archifau Prifysgol Bangor University Archives @archpbu.bsky.social · 27/02/2026
Welsh Grammar This manuscript was written in the early 17th century. It was probably owned by Iolo Morgannwg as it contains notes in his hand. It is a copy of the grammar used by the poets in the 16th century, although not an exact copy. Date: 17th century BMSS/2 www.jstor.org/stable/commu...
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 17/07/2026
Samuel Stillman Greene (1810-1883), professor at Brown, wrote many popular grammatical textbooks. In 1874 (by then he was professor for astronomy) he used an algebraic system for sentence analysis which is more a puzzle than a useful didactic method IMHO. cysouw.github.io/graphicalgrammar/#sec5.3.1
"System of significant symbols" from Greene (1874), here showing an analysis of a quotation from William Prescott "The Conquest of Mexico":

I: Cortez received this remonstrance with the embarrassed air of one by whom it was altogether unexpected.
II: He modestly requested time for deliberation, and promised to give his answer on the following day.
III: At the time appointed he called his troops together, and made them a brief address.
IV: He concluded by declaring his willingness to take measures for settling in the country.
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American Philosophical Society @amphilsociety.bsky.social · 14/07/2026
“In the 17th century, when many grammars of Mesoamerican languages were written, it was common for a grammar to appear as a separate text.” Read the full piece from Nico Barnum, Daythal L. Kendall Short-Term Fellow, now. bit.ly/4haZygy
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Coffee & Donatus @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social · 18/07/2026
Super interesting to find diagrams in this 19th century grammar of Classical Japanese. Author is Mozume Takayo, and it was possibly printed after 1868 with blocks used in an earlier 1858 edition. Thank you @schrift-sprache.bsky.social for helping me understand what I am looking at.
Photograph of a page from a nineteenth-century Japanese book. The page is dominated by an intricate black-ink diagram surrounding vertical lines of Japanese text. Words are enclosed in circles and rectangles and connected by branching lines and brackets, forming a complex network across the page.Photograph of a page from a nineteenth-century Japanese book. The page is dominated by an intricate black-ink diagram surrounding vertical lines of Japanese text. Words are enclosed in circles and rectangles and connected by branching lines and brackets, forming a complex network across the page.Photograph of a page from a nineteenth-century Japanese book. The page is dominated by an intricate black-ink diagram surrounding vertical lines of Japanese text. Words are enclosed in circles and rectangles and connected by branching lines and brackets, forming a complex network across the page.
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 28/06/2026
Walter Scott Dalgleish (1834-1897) was a teacher, textbook author and publicist in Edinburgh. His grammatical analysis from 1865 is clearly influenced by Findlater, but he adds a hierarchical scheme for the "relations of clauses". cysouw.github.io/graphicalgrammar/#sec5.3.8
Analytic Notation for a quotation from Shakespeare's *Henry VI* as used in the grammar of Dalgleish (1865)
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Coffee & Donatus @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social · 14/06/2026
Found an interesting little 19th-century lithographed Arabic grammar, with text and tables reproduced from handwritten copy. The author, Nicolas Perron (1798-1876) was a French physician, Arabist, and educator.
Title page of Perron’s "Abrégé de grammaire ou principes les plus généraux de l’arabe vulgaire" (Paris, 1832).Opening showing pages 12–13, with Arabic verb paradigms and French grammatical commentary.Facing pages (112-113) with an Arabic grammatical chart arranged in a branching layout and French explanatory text with Arabic examples.
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Paul Babinski @paulbabinski.bsky.social · 26/03/2026
A Paris copy of André Du Ryer’s 1630 Turkish grammar, annotated by a seventeenth-century French orientalist studying Turkish with the help of a manuscript Persian-Turkish dictionary. From the library of the Abbey of Saint-Victor. BnF-Arsenal, 4-BL-214
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 15/05/2026
Norman Foerster (1887–1972) and John Steadman (1889-1945) wrote *Sentences and Thinking* in 1919. They use a tree to illustrate the structure of sentences with multiple subordinate clauses. Unfortunately, it only approximates the grammatical structure. cysouw.github.io/graphicalgrammar/#sec5.7.3
Tree diagram from Foerster & Steadman (1919) for the sentence: 

Standing there looking at a pebble, quite motionless, and apparently doomed, the child filled us with such horror that some of us turned pale as death; but suddenly we saw a man in a dark doorway, whom we hadn’t noticed before (though he had doubtless been there right along) and who, coming out like a flash, blocked the way – it was Martin!

Unfortunately, their graphical representation is only a rough approximation of the grammatical structure of the sentence.
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Coffee & Donatus @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social · 30/05/2026
Found an early variety of sentence diagram in a Vermont schoolbook, William Livingston’s "An English grammar; calculated in conjunction with the Syntactical Atlas." (Middlebury: Francis Burnap, 1817) It is the earliest syntactic digram I have seen like this printed in the United States.
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María José García Folgado @mjgarciafolgado.bsky.social · 16/04/2026
Flores, I. J. (1853). Arte de la lengua metropolitana del reyno Cakchiquel o Guatemálico. Guatemala. www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-artic... @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social #histlx
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 02/02/2026
Solomon Barrett (1800-1882), teacher in Madrid (NY), wrote *The principles of language* in 1837. In 1842 he adds the infamous plate with grammatical trees, influenced by James Brown. In 1857 he adds two frontispieces with possibly the most exquisite grammatical trees in the history of linguistics.
Frontispiece from Barrett (1857), depicting the structural analysis of the first part of verse Hebrew 1:1 from the King James translation of the Bible:

God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets, hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son.
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 25/02/2026
August Grotefend (1798-1836), teacher in Göttingen and nephew of cuneiform-decipherer G.F.Grotefend, was a big fan of Simon Herling and his analysis of the *Period*. In a commentary directed to Latin teachers he gave an example of a *Zergliederung* of a complex Latin sentence from Livius.
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María José García Folgado @mjgarciafolgado.bsky.social · 05/03/2026
Mi compañera en @facmagisteri.bsky.social María Querol ha elaborado un PPT precioso titulado “Ellas” sobre #MujeresLingüistas para el 8M. Incluye esta fantasía de diagrama floral q creo q gustará a @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social y a @cysouw.bsky.social [ref. en ALT] #histlx
Foüan, Élisabeth de (1856). Petites causeries Sur la grammaire française. Paris: Dezobry, E. Magdaleine et Cie. BNF MFICHE M-14382.
La imagen está tomada del trabajo de Wendy Ayres-Bennet en el libro Women in the History of Linguistics (2020) que está disponible en Researchgate.net/publication/350136869_Women_as_authors_audience_and_authorities_in_the_french_tradition
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Coffee & Donatus @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social · 04/03/2026
John P. O’Connell’s 1932 “Grammatical Explanations for Typographical Apprentices, stresses that “the shirkers are going to reap the harvest of their negligence and arrogance.”
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María José García Folgado @mjgarciafolgado.bsky.social · 08/02/2026
Tengo algo parecido, bastante posterior, de Joaquín Montoy, publicado en El Clamor del Magisterio (11.12.1873), como plantilla para hacer ejercicios según su método de análisis
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Coffee & Donatus @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social · 08/02/2026
Le nom, le verbe, la particule. A lovely large hand-colored folding table mapping the parts of speech and their relations. From Louis Gaultier’s "Atlas de grammaire" (c. 1801–1818).
19th century engraved French grammar table with three vertical columns: noun (colored blue), verb (colored red), and particle (colored yellow), using boxes and connecting lines to show relationships.
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María José García Folgado @mjgarciafolgado.bsky.social · 28/01/2026
La belleza de la sintaxis gráfica ❤️ @cysouw.bsky.social @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 27/01/2026
Read more about Oliver B. Peirce: cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...
cysouw.github.io
Graphical Grammar
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 27/01/2026
Oliver Peirce (1808-1865), teacher in Rome, NY, added syntactic "chains" to his grammar in 1839. In yet another revision in 1843 he adds sentence diagrams. This is the first usage of the term *diagram* for graphical syntax! His diagrams are as much poetic interpretation as syntactic analysis.
"chain" of a sentence from Peirce (1839: 50). Note that "for gentleman in Utica" is a single constituent, so it is not really accurate to depict this as a single linear chain.Diagram from Peirce (1843: 304) for an excerpt from he poem *Life is a sea* from John Mason Good:

But rocks below, and tempests sleep,
Insidious o'er the glassy deep,
Nor leave an hour secure.

The diagram is strictly speaking not a real syntactic analysis but more an interpretation of the poetic intention.
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 28/12/2025
Georges Galichet (1904-1992) wrote many French textbooks, starting with *Essai de grammaire psychologique* (1947). He uses idiosyncratic graphical syntactic analyses throughout his work, starting in 1947 with an *arête de poisson* ‘fishbone diagram’. Read more: cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...
Arête de poisson ‘fishbone diagram’ from Georges Galichet (1947: 164) for an examples from La Fontaine:

Un mourant qui comptait plus de cent ans de vie,
se plaignait à la Mort, que précipitamment
elle le contraignait de partir tout à l’heure.
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Kelly Rene Bullard @kellyrenebullard.bsky.social · 17/12/2025
Come do research with Printing & Graphic Arts! library.harvard.edu/grants-fello...
library.harvard.edu
Houghton Library Visiting Fellowships
Scholars at all stages of their careers are invited to apply to pursue projects that require in-depth research on Houghton Library’s holdings, draw on staff expertise, and participate in intellectual ...
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 29/11/2025
Felipe Senillosa (1790-1858) in 1817 wrote *Gramática española* in Buenos Aires. About a third of this book consists of graphical syntactic analyses. Most are constituent-like analyses, but a final tour-de-force is an interlocking dependency tree. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...
Dependency-like structure from Senillosa (1817), to be read from bottom left to top right. The sentence consists of five clauses, which are all reformulated as relative clauses, crossing at the head noun they refer to. The original sentence analysed here is "La ciencia y la virtud son los dos bienes que los vayvenes de la fortuna injusta no disipáron nunca."
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 24/11/2025
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), professor in Leipzig and co-founder of modern psychology, used graphical syntactic analyses based on binary subdivisions of a *Gesammtvorstellung*. This influenced Bloomfield (who ignored the graphics) and (indirectly) Chomsky #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...
Graphical analysis by Wilhelm Wundt of a sentence from Goethe's *Werder*: Als er sich den Vorwurf sehr zu Herzen zu nehmen schien (a⏜b), und immer aufs neue beteuerte (c), daß er gewiß gern mitteile (d), gern für Freunde tätig sei (e), so empfand sie (A⏜B), daß sie sein zartes Gemüt verletzt habe (a1⏜b1), und sie fühlte sich als seine Schuldnerin (A⏜D).
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Coffee & Donatus @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social · 29/11/2025
Love this. @npr.org one.npr.org/i/nx-s1-5615...
one.npr.org
🔊 Listen Now: This man serenades tourists in a Boston park with a taste of their homeland
Weekend Edition Saturday on NPR One | 4:02
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Paul Babinski @paulbabinski.bsky.social · 04/11/2025
1656 edition of Thomas Erpenius’s Grammatica Arabica, with the annotations of a seventeenth-century student of Arabic, recording what appears to be instruction from Erpenius’s student (and the editor of this edition), Jacob Golius (1596-1667).
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Coffee & Donatus @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social · 28/09/2025
Interesting upcoming October workshop on grammatical tables. www.atilf.fr/recherche/ma...
atilf.fr
20251024 JE Mettre la langue en tables - ATILF | CNRS-UL
Journée d’études : Mettre la langue en tables   Date : 24 octobre 2025 Lieu : Nancy | Campus Lettres et Sciences Humaines | ATILF | Bâtiment CNRS | Salle Paul Imbs Visioconférence : Lien à venir   Org...
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Steven Van Impe @svanimpe.bsky.social · 06/08/2025
More diffuculties identifying this edition of Alexander de Villa Dei's Doctrinale... No M-form on this fragment.
Fragment of a printed textFragment of a printed text
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AaronM @aaronm.bsky.social · 25/08/2025
I thought they were still on vacation, but the #Vatican added 12 #Manuscripts this week www.wiglaf.org/vatican/2025... a c.861 Gregory's Regula leads, with another Papal diary, a theological and a medical miscellany, Priscian, Pier Paolo Vergerio, even an antipope.. and more #MedivalSky #skystorians
wiglaf.org
Vatican Manuscripts Added Week 34 of 2025
No manuscripts were digitized last week and only twelve this week, due to the summer holidays. The overwhelming majority of them, nine or 75%, are from Ott.lat. The rest are one each from Barb.lat, ...
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波鴻漫錄 || Sven Osterkamp @schrift-sprache.bsky.social · 17/08/2025
Sol iustitiae illustra nos ... 🤯 < geheugen.delpher.nl/nl/geheugen/... (There's also a chronogram right above, @schrisomalis.bsky.social 🤓)
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Ennius @enniusredloeb.bsky.social · 26/07/2025
Figure wearing a Phrygian cap in the margin BnF MS Latin 7501; Priscianus Caesariensis, Ars grammatica, sive Institutiones Grammaticae, libri I-XVIII, Opera minora; 9th century (3rd quarter); Abbey Saint-Pierre de Corbie; f.138r @gallicabnf.bsky.social
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Ennius @enniusredloeb.bsky.social · 26/07/2025
The Greek alphabet with numerical values BnF MS Latin 7501; Priscianus Caesariensis, Ars grammatica, sive Institutiones Grammaticae, libri I-XVIII, Opera minora; 9th century (3rd quarter); Abbey Saint-Pierre de Corbie; f.210v @gallicabnf.bsky.social
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 04/07/2025
Lev Ivanovich Polivanov (1838-1899), student of Buslaev and founder of the Polivanovskaya Gymnasium in Moscow, wrote many versions of a *Учебникъ русской грамматики*. In 1873 he adds a graphical analysis of complex sentences using vertical lines. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...
Graphical analysis of a complex sentence by Polivanov (1873). This graphic represents a sentence from a letter from N.M. Karamzin: 

[А] Улицы прямы, широки и хорошо вымощены, а [Б] вь срединѣ проведены глубокіе каналы, [а] вь которыхь сь шумомь течеть вода, [а'] уносящая сь собою всю нечистоту иаь города, и [б'] сверхь того весьма полезная ву случаѣ ножара.

[А] The streets are straight, wide and well paved, and [Б] in the middle there are deep canals, [а] into which water flows noisily, [а'] carrying away with it all the sewage from the city, and [б'] moreover being very useful in case of a fire.
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 03/07/2025
Jan Gebauer (1838-1907), a major figure in Czech linguistics, started out as a school teacher. He wrote a *Mluvnice česká* (1890) which includes various different graphical approaches to syntax, including hierarchical braces and line diagrams. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...
Hierarchical analysis of the internal structure of the sentence "The Earth rotates around its axis every twenty-four hours" by Gebauer (1890)Graphical display of the internal structure of a complex sentence from Gebauer (1890). The example sentence is from Daniel Adam z Veleslavína and translates approximately as "Just as we have greater love for our true parents, who begot us, than for others, who chose and adopted us as their own sons: so too the country, in which we were born and raised, is dearer to us than another, to which fortune has turned us."
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Coffee & Donatus @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social · 21/06/2025
Breymann's and Möller movable grammar chart brings new meaning to the term "slide rule." I have only rarely seen movable charts used in grammars. If anyone knows of other examples, I would love to hear about them. The book can be found here: www.google.com/books/editio...
Detail view of a 19th-century movable grammar table titled "Konjugationstafel I" designed to help with French verb conjugations. The table fills the entire page and features a long vertical strip that slides through a central window, created by small slits at the top and bottom. As the strip moves, different verb forms appear aligned with labeled tense and mood categories in both French and German. Some of the cells on the sliding strip are hand-colored.Detail view of a 19th-century movable grammar table titled "Konjugationstafel II" designed to help with French verb conjugations. The table fills the entire page and features a long vertical strip that slides through a central window, created by small slits at the top and bottom. As the strip moves, different verb forms appear aligned with labeled tense and mood categories in both French and German. Some of the cells on the sliding strip and page are hand-colored.Full view of a 19th-century movable grammar table titled "Konjugationstafel I" designed to help with French verb conjugations. The table fills the entire page and features a long vertical strip that slides through a central window, created by small slits at the top and bottom. As the strip moves, different verb forms appear aligned with labeled tense and mood categories in both French and German. Some of the cells on the sliding strip are hand-colored.Full view of a 19th-century movable grammar table titled "Konjugationstafel I" designed to help with French verb conjugations. The table fills the entire page and features a long vertical strip that slides through a central window, created by small slits at the top and bottom. As the strip moves, different verb forms appear aligned with labeled tense and mood categories in both French and German. Some of the cells on the sliding strip and page are hand-colored.
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Michael Cysouw @cysouw.bsky.social · 03/05/2025
Václav Zikmund (1816-1873) was a Czech teacher in Prague. His *Skladba jazyka českého* (1863) contains various graphical syntactic analyses, among them a very early dependency tree (left) and an illustration of different possible constituency structures (right). cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...
Very early dependency tree from Zikmund (1863) for CzechGraphical illustration of different interpretations of a complex noun phrase using a kind of constituency analysis from Zikmund (1863)
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National Museum of Ireland @nmireland.bsky.social · 28/05/2025
The rich history and interwoven artistry of early medieval Ireland are revealed by the Manuscripts on display at the Words on the Wave: Ireland and St. Gallen in Early Medieval Europe exhibition. Opens May 30th 📍National Museum of Ireland, Kildare St www.museum.ie/en-IE/Museum...
An Incipit (opening letter) with two birds from the St. Gallen manuscript Priscian Institutiones Grammaticae, Cod. Sang 904, p. 25. © Stiftsbibliothek St Gallen.Vellum fragment from Saint-Maurice d’Agaune, CHN 64/2/88. With kind permission of l’Abbaye de Saint-Maurice d’Agaune.
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Peter Sokolowski @petersokolowski.bsky.social · 21/05/2025
Tomorrow!
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Carin Ruff @carinr.bsky.social · 21/05/2025
It is Alcuin's feast day! I thought I'd share one of my favorite Alcuin texts, his Grammar, which takes the form of a dialogue between a Frank and a Saxon. The text opens, "There were in the school of Master Albinus (sc. Alcuin) two boys, a Frank and a Saxon, who had very recently... 🕯️🧵
St. Gall 268, p. 19. The opening of Alcuin's grammar: initial F with spiral ornaments, first line in Square Capitals, second line in Uncials, main text in Caroline Minuscule.
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Zanna Van Loon @zannavanloon.bsky.social · 08/05/2025
Pardon my English! Printer Franscisus I Raphelengius excusing himself to the reader of the English grammar on Hebrew for the flaws that he &his workmen made in the printing office. Note how English and not Hebrew was the difficult language to record. #earlymodern #rarebooks #bookhistory 💙📚📜
Final page in the book with a printed apology to the reader: "Gentle Reader, The Typographical faultes, which perhaps have scaped us, by reason of ower unskilfulnes of the Englishe tounge, it shall please uou to correct by your selfe: and among the rest, pag. 64. linea ultima for [Hebrew word] to reade [Hebrew word].Title page of the book with first a line printed in Hebrew, followed by an English title "That is The Key of the Holy Tongvue: wherein is conteineid, first the Hebrue Grammar (in a manner) woord for woord out of P. MArtinivs."

It then contains a woodcut of the printer's mark of the Officina Plantiniana and the imprint which reads: "Imprinted at Leyden, by Francis Raphelengivs".
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María José García Folgado @mjgarciafolgado.bsky.social · 05/05/2025
Cerramos el primer día de congreso los IP de #LinPePrensa, Victoriano Gaviño y yo misma, hablando de “La enseñanza de la lengua a través de la prensa: el caso de las gramáticas subjetivas pedagógicas (1857-1939)” #histlx
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Ennius @enniusredloeb.bsky.social · 27/04/2025
Futhark runic alphabet and a cipher St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 270; Educational manuscript; second half of the 9th century; St. Gall; f.52 (e-codices.ch/en/list/one/...)
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Honey & Wax Booksellers @honeyandwaxbks.bsky.social · 21/04/2025
Deadline July 1! Announcing the ninth annual Honey & Wax Book Collecting Prize, $1000 for an outstanding collection built by a woman, aged 30 or younger, anywhere in the United States. If your bookshop or library or book club could use some flyers, send us your address and we’ll set you up.
Image of a woman reading a book, adapted from the publisher’s binding on an 1899 edition of Boccaccio, and the title: Honey & Wax Book Collecting Prize.
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Coffee & Donatus @coffeeanddonatus.bsky.social · 18/04/2025
I don’t usually post links to books for sale, but this 17th century annotated Arabic grammar at Sokol Books is too beautiful not to share. sokol.co.uk/stock/9911921/
sokol.co.uk
| Sokol Books
FIRST EDITION. 4to. pp. [8], 166. Arabic letter, with Roman, little Italic. Decorated initials and ornaments. General light browning. c1900 ink stamp of the Jesuit College of Jersey to title recto (fa...
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Suzanne Karr Schmidt @drkarrschmidt.bsky.social · 15/04/2025
GOAT Coat of Arms? This book was not only owned by, but also clearly coveted by one Georg Böck (ie George Billygoat), who signed it at least three times! Germany, 1583. #HisBook #NewberryLibrary i-share-nby.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01...
Goat on a shield with letters GB Book inside cover with notes and a shield with a rearing goat on it with the date 1583 and initials GB and many German and Latin variants of his full name. Aka Georg Bock!
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Suzanne Karr Schmidt @drkarrschmidt.bsky.social · 15/04/2025
Btw, the book is on Greek Grammar, lightly used, except for the imperatives... Also has a handwritten addendum!
Imperatives banner, decoratively outlined.Folding, handwritten Greek and Latin cheat sheet.
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Carin Ruff @carinr.bsky.social · 04/04/2025
A must-watch if you haven't seen this, #bookhistory and #printinghistory people.
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Ennius @enniusredloeb.bsky.social · 21/03/2025
"Philosophi definiunt vocem esse aerem tenuissimum ictum vel suum sensibile aurium, id est quod proprie auribus accidit." St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 904; Prisciani grammatica; 851 CE; Ireland (Bangor?, Nendrum?); p.3 (www.e-codices.ch/en/list/one/...)
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National Museum of Ireland @nmireland.bsky.social · 21/03/2025
In the mid-9th century, amidst fierce Viking raids, scribes in northeast Ireland copied a Latin textbook written in 6th-century Constantinople, this manuscript, is key to understanding the Irish language of the time. #NMIBlog #MuseumBlog #CuratorBlog #Archaeology www.museum.ie/en-IE/Collec...
An Incipit (opening letter) with two birds from the St. Gallen manuscript Priscian Institutiones Grammaticae, Cod. Sang 904, p. 25. © Stiftsbibliothek St Gallen.
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Aaron T. Pratt @aarontpratt.bsky.social · 27/03/2025
Check out this (only moderately embarrassing) video of me showing off the @ransomcenter.bsky.social’s small but mighty collection of hornbooks. Stick around to the end to see an exciting new acquisition. (And tell me if you’ve seen another like it.) youtu.be/PyPu3Vum1lQ?...
youtu.be
Exploring hornbooks, the educational devices that instructed children for centuries
YouTube video by Harry Ransom Center
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