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Carnegie Russia Eurasia

@carnegierussia.bsky.social
121 followers 13 following 40 posts

Latest insights from the Global Think Tank’s experts on Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia. Part of @CarnegieEndowment.org RT ≠ endorsement.

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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 06/07/2026
On July 9, join us online for an important conversation with Senior Fellow @michaelkofman.bsky.social on Russia's military power after Ukraine, moderated by The Economist's @shashj.bsky.social. RSVP here: carnegieendowment.org/events/2026/...
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 23/06/2026
In a new piece for @foreignaffairs.com, Senior Fellow @michaelkofman.bsky.social argues that poor Russian performance in Ukraine should not be a "cause for complacency" among NATO countries: www.foreignaffairs.com/russia/next-...
foreignaffairs.com
The Next Russia Threat
Moscow’s military power after Ukraine.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 19/05/2026
May 27 | Space, Nuclear Weapons, and U.S.-Russia Relations After the Cold War Join @andrewsweiss.bsky.social for a conversation with Rose Gottemoeller on U.S.-Russia cooperation in the '90s—drawing from her new book, Security Through Cooperation. carnegieendowment.org/events/2026/...
carnegieendowment.org
Space, Nuclear Weapons, and U.S.-Russia Relations after the Cold War
For nearly two decades, this strategy produced meaningful cooperation as Russia and the United States cooperated in outer space, counterterrorism, and nuclear energy. This progress unraveled amid Vlad...
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 09/05/2026
“This myth that the Kremlin would like us to believe— that somehow Ukraine is losing badly—is just not borne out by the facts on the battlefield.” Senior Fellow @massdara.bsky.social, in conversation with Francis Fukuyama, on where the Russia-Ukraine war stands today: youtu.be/d5UTTAFpg4Q?...
youtu.be
Where the Russia-Ukraine war stands today.
YouTube video by Frankly Fukuyama
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 08/05/2026
With @kennaninstitute.bsky.social's Michael Kimmage, Senior Fellow and Ukraine Initiative Director Eric Ciaramella discusses the long arc of U.S. policy toward Ukraine: www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1iW...
youtube.com
Origins of the War with Eric Ciaramella
YouTube video by The Kennan Institute
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 06/05/2026
We hope you can join us tomorrow at 9:00 a.m. for this important reflection on Chernobyl's legacy. ⬇️
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 29/04/2026
Join us May 7th for a discussion on Chernobyl's legacy featuring Adam Higginbotham, Mariana Budjeryn, and Carnegie's Corey Hinderstein. Ukraine's Ambassador to the U.S. Olga Stefanishyna will deliver opening remarks. RSVP here: carnegieendowment.org/events/2026/...
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 23/04/2026
EVENT | Chernobyl's Legacy 40 Years On Join us May 7th for a discussion with Adam Higginbotham, Mariana Budjeryn, and Carnegie's Corey Hinderstein. Ukraine's Ambassador to the U.S. Olga Stefanishyna will deliver opening remarks. RSVP: carnegieendowment.org/events/2026/...
carnegieendowment.org
Chernobyl’s Legacy 40 Years On
To explore Chernobyl’s enduring legacy, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace invites you for a panel discussion with Adam Higginbotham, Mariana Budjeryn, and Corey Hinderstein, moderated by ...
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 21/04/2026
In Ukraine, drones have become “a standard instrument of warfare.” The consequences will shape conflicts far beyond Europe. @andriypzag.bsky.social on how Ukraine is driving doctrinal change in modern warfare: carnegieendowment.org/research/202...
carnegieendowment.org
The New Revolution in Military Affairs
How Ukraine is driving doctrinal change in modern warfare.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 10/04/2026
What kind of threat will Russia pose over the next decade? Join us online Wednesday 4/15 at 1:15 pm EDT for a panel discussion to launch @carnegieendowment.org's new initiative on The Future of Russian Power: carnegieendowment.org/events/2026/...
carnegieendowment.org
The Future of Russian Power: Threat Perceptions, Military Reconstitution, and Economic Constraints
To mark the launch of The Future of Russian Power intiative, Carnegie’s Michael Kofman, Dara Massicot, Alexandra Prokopenko, and Eugene Rumer will join moderator David E. Hoffman, former Washington Post editor and foreign correspondent, for a wide-ranging conversation on where Russia stands and what comes next.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 07/04/2026
In a Q&A with Carnegie Emissary, Senior Fellow Eugene Rumer explains why Russia will emerge from its quagmire in Ukraine as more of a threat to Europe—no matter how the war ends: carnegieendowment.org/emissary/202...
carnegieendowment.org
Russia Will Be More Dangerous After the War with Ukraine
Putin’s blunder has created new and enduring security challenges for Russia and Europe.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 07/04/2026
Eric Green explores how reimagining the Poland-Ukraine partnership could accelerate Kyiv’s westward alignment and improve the security of both countries: carnegieendowment.org/research/202...
carnegieendowment.org
Kindred Nations, Uneasy Neighbors: Polish-Ukrainian Relations in the Crucible of Russia’s War
The full-scale invasion cemented Ukraine’s determination to sever its ties with Russia; reimagining the Poland-Ukraine partnership can accelerate Kyiv’s westward alignment and improve the security of ...
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 02/04/2026
Centre for Defence Strategies experts Alina Frolova and Stepan Yakymiak assess how Ukraine can expand asymmetric advantages in the Black Sea, deny Russia operational freedom, and establish a stable maritime order: carnegieendowment.org/research/202...
carnegieendowment.org
The Changing Military Balance in the Black Sea: A Ukrainian Perspective
Ukraine’s asymmetric approach has rendered Russia’s Black Sea Fleet functionally useless. But a long-term commitment will be needed to maintain this balance of power.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 17/03/2026
In a new article, Viktor Kevliuk, Olesya Favorska, and @andriypzag.bsky.social examine how Ukraine can address its persistent military manpower challenge through strategy and force design: carnegieendowment.org/research/202...
carnegieendowment.org
Rethinking Ukraine’s Manpower Challenge
Strategy and force design are key to solving Kyiv’s persistent manning and readiness problems.
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 05/03/2026
"For the Kremlin, showing too much support for Iran would be to openly side with Trump’s enemies, thereby risking incurring his wrath and becoming a party in a conflict against the United States." Read Alexander Baunov's latest in @foreignpolicy.com: foreignpolicy.com/2026/03/04/p...
foreignpolicy.com
Trump Puts Putin in an Iran Dilemma
A would-be Kremlin partner helping kill a Kremlin ally feeds the Russian leader’s paranoia.
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Michael Kofman @michaelkofman.bsky.social · 06/03/2026
Latest Russia Contingency is out. I join @oajonsson.bsky.social and Maria Engqvist to talk about how the Russian military see the future of war, their lessons learned, gaps between theory and practice, and what to make of Russian military thought. @WarOnTheRocks warontherocks.com/episode/ther...
warontherocks.com
Russian Perceptions on the Future of War
Mike talks with Oscar Jonsson and Maria Engqvist about Russian thinking on the future of war. They discuss how Russian military thinkers view the lessons...
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 09/03/2026
"If the regime in Tehran survives, it could be obliged to hand Moscow significant political influence in exchange for supplies of weapons and humanitarian aid." Read Nikita Smagin's analysis:
carnegieendowment.org
What Does War in the Middle East Mean for Russia–Iran Ties?
If the regime in Tehran survives, it could be obliged to hand Moscow significant political influence in exchange for supplies of weapons and humanitarian aid.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 03/03/2026
Senior Fellow @massdara.bsky.social on drone use in the Iran war and what the United States can learn from Ukraine: carnegieendowment.org/emissary/202...
carnegieendowment.org
What We Know About Drone Use in the Iran War
Two experts discuss how drone technology is shaping yet another conflict and what the United States can learn from Ukraine.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 02/03/2026
As Russia looks for opportunities to build inroads, African governments are identifying new ways to promote their goals—and facing new risks. Our latest publication unpacks Moscow's role, its appeal, and its limitations: carnegieendowment.org/research/202...
carnegieendowment.org
Russia in Africa: Examining Moscow’s Influence and Its Limits
As Moscow looks for opportunities to build inroads on the continent, governments in West and Southern Africa are identifying new ways to promote their goals—and facing new risks.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 02/03/2026
On the fourth anniversary of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Eric Ciaramella, @andriypzag.bsky.social, and Alexandra Prokopenko joined Aaron David Miller on Carnegie Connects to discuss the war’s impacts and what might come next: carnegieendowment.org/emissary/202...
carnegieendowment.org
Is a Conflict-Ending Solution Even Possible in Ukraine?
On the fourth anniversary of Russia’s full-scale invasion, Carnegie experts discuss the war’s impacts and what might come next.
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Michael Kofman @michaelkofman.bsky.social · 24/02/2026
The latest RC is out with @massdara.bsky.social We go through some of the current myths, arguments, and assumptions about the war. From judging offensives to attrition ratios & my rant on how CENTCOM is about to spend everyone’s munitions. @warontherocks.bsky.social warontherocks.com/episode/ther...
warontherocks.com
The War After Four: Myths, Arguments, and Assumptions
Four years after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Mike is joined by Dara Massicot to reassess the war and the debates that have defined it....
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 25/02/2026
"Today, the war is not merely a tool of Russian policy; it has become foundational to the regime itself." @andriypzag.bsky.social in @foreignpolicy.com on why Ukrainians doubt that painful concessions will achieve a lasting peace: foreignpolicy.com/2026/02/20/u...
foreignpolicy.com
Four Years of War in Europe
Eight thinkers on the lasting impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 17/02/2026
After four years of grinding conflict, Russia’s war on Ukraine is increasingly defined by adaptation, endurance, and exhaustion. Senior Fellow @michaelkofman.bsky.social gives his latest assessment of battlefield dynamics in @foreignaffairs.com: www.foreignaffairs.com/russia/ukrai...
foreignaffairs.com
Ukraine’s War of Endurance
The fight for advantage in the conflict’s fifth year.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 17/02/2026
"For all intents and purposes traditional arms control between the United States and Russia is done. The question is what now?" Senior Fellow @michaelkofman.bsky.social in @warontherocks.bsky.social on Russian nuclear modernization after the end of New START: warontherocks.com/2026/02/runn...
warontherocks.com
Running to Stand Still: Russian Nuclear Modernization after New START
John Maynard Keynes once wrote, “The difficulty lies, not in the new ideas, but in escaping from the old ones”: an apt depiction of the current discourse
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 17/02/2026
As Ukrainian and Russian delegations meet in Geneva today for another round of talks, Senior Fellow Eric Ciaramella explores how Putin could come to see a peace deal as tactically advantageous, even if his goal of subjugating Ukraine remains unchanged: carnegieendowment.org/emissary/202...
carnegieendowment.org
What If Trump Gets His Russia-Ukraine Deal?
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 09/02/2026
If Prime Minister Takaichi wins snap elections, will Japan soon be threatening the Russian Far East and preparing to seize the disputed Southern Kuril Islands by force? Nothing could be further from the truth, writes @jamesdjbrown.bsky.social: carnegieendowment.org/russia-euras...
carnegieendowment.org
Japan’s “Militarist Turn” and What It Means for Russia
For a real example of political forces engaged in the militarization of society, the Russian leadership might consider looking closer to home.
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 09/02/2026
The main aim of upgrading Russia’s nuclear forces for Putin was to gain an advantage over the West, including by strengthening the nuclear threat on all fronts, and that made a new arms race inevitable, argues Maxim Starchak: carnegieendowment.org/russia-euras...
carnegieendowment.org
For Putin, Increasing Russia’s Nuclear Threat Matters More Than the Triad’s Modernization
For Putin, upgrading Russia’s nuclear forces was a secondary goal. The main aim was to gain an advantage over the West, including by strengthening the nuclear threat on all fronts. That made growth in...
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 10/02/2026
Senior Fellow @massdara.bsky.social joins @cnn.com to explain why there is strong reason to doubt that the Kremlin is negotiating in good faith on a Ukraine peace deal: www.cnn.com/2026/02/09/t...
cnn.com
‘More pressure is needed on Russia’: Expert looks at US-led Ukraine peace talks | CNN
President Trump says he wants a Ukraine peace deal by June. But Daria Massicot, a Russia analyst at the Carnegie Endowment, says she sees little sign the Kremlin is engaging in good faith negotiation.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 27/01/2026
With or without a cease-fire, "Europe must now help Ukraine shift from survival to long-term force regeneration." Read Eric Ciaramella and @sophiabesch.bsky.social's proposal for how Europe can rearm Kyiv without Washington in @foreignaffairs.com: www.foreignaffairs.com/guest-pass/r...
foreignaffairs.com
Fortress Ukraine
How a coalition of the willing can rearm Kyiv without Washington.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 06/01/2026
TOMORROW: @massdara.bsky.social, @kschake.bsky.social, and William Greenwalt discuss how the war in Ukraine is transforming defense industrial production. Register here: carnegieendowment.org/events/2025/...
carnegieendowment.org
Battlefield Lessons from Ukraine: Rethinking Defense Production
Dara Massicot, a senior fellow in Carnegie’s Russia and Eurasia Program, will sit down with William C. Greenwalt, a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), for a discussion moderated...
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 18/12/2025
How has Russia's full-scale invasion transformed the distribution of people, capital, infrastructure, and political influence within Ukraine? Mariya Levonova and Balázs Jarábik unpack what regional disparities mean for postwar reconstruction: carnegieendowment.org/research/202...
carnegieendowment.org
Ukraine’s Regional Shift: Realignments in Wartime and Beyond
Regional disparities in investment, labor markets, and government transparency mean that regional development will be a key feature of Ukraine’s postwar future.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 12/12/2025
In @thehill.com, Eric Green and Alexander Joel argue that the US-Ukraine Reconstruction Investment Fund should prioritize early investments in infrastructure projects that support both Ukraine's present wartime resilience and future growth prospects: thehill.com/opinion/inte...
thehill.com
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Zaur Shiriyev @zaurshiriyev.bsky.social · 08/12/2025
A new paper I co-authored with Philip Gamaghelyan is out. It looks at practical steps toward lasting peace between Azerbaijan and Armenia, and how different actors can support long-term stability.Any feedback is welcome. carnegieendowment.org/research/202...
carnegieendowment.org
Strategic Directions for Building Sustainable Peace Between Armenia and Azerbaijan
An official peace agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan cannot by itself resolve decades of mistrust. The durability of peace will depend on healing trauma, reframing identities, diversifying narra...
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Thomas de Waal @tomdewaal.bsky.social · 05/12/2025
carnegieendowment.org/europe/strat... Should Europe be negotiating directly with Russia? Seven scholars respond to our latest @carnegieeurope.bsky.social (deliberately provocative) question
carnegieendowment.org
Taking the Pulse: Should Europe Negotiate with Russia?
By negotiating directly with the Kremlin, the Trump administration has broken the taboo on diplomatic contacts with Russia. With Ukrainian and European security at stake, is it time for Brussels to op...
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 04/12/2025
“Never before has the U.S. been so successful in its attempts to convince Central Asia that cooperation with Washington is worth the irritation from China and Russia.” Temur Umarov on the possible future of the region: carnegieendowment.org/russia-euras...
carnegieendowment.org
How Serious Is the Rapprochement Between the United States and Central Asia?
Central Asia’s warmer ties with the United States could force the region to face a difficult choice between incurring the wrath of its traditional allies Russia and China, and disappointing Trump and ...
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 01/12/2025
The White House wants to take advantage of Kyiv’s mounting problems to impose a peace agreement that is more favorable to Russia. But the Kremlin may still believe the battlefield is a more reliable way of achieving its goals, writes Tatiana Stanovaya: carnegieendowment.org/russia-euras...
carnegieendowment.org
Is a Ukraine Peace Deal Finally in Sight?
The White House wants to take advantage of Kyiv’s mounting problems—on and off the battlefield—to impose a peace agreement more favorable to Russia.
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Alexander Gabuev 陈寒士 @alexgabuev.bsky.social · 30/11/2025
What went wrong in Russia? Was thrilled to discuss the sources of Russia's conduct with German Ambassador to Moscow Alexander Graf Lambsdorff & my colleague Ekaterina Schulmann in the newest episode of "Politika." This time with @koerber-ip.bsky.social . carnegieendowment.org/podcasts/car...
carnegieendowment.org
What Went Wrong in Russia? Russian Imperialism, With Ekaterina Schulmann and Alexander Graf Lambsdorff
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 27/11/2025
How has Iran’s twelve-day war pushed Tehran even closer to Moscow and led to new cooperation agreements, including in the nuclear sector? Nikita Smagin explains: carnegieendowment.org/russia-euras...
carnegieendowment.org
Iran’s Twelve-Day War Has Only Boosted Its Cooperation With Russia
Tehran’s most urgent task is to reduce the risk of further Israeli and U.S. airstrikes. Russia’s role as a deterrent in this respect is more multifaceted than simply supplying weapons, whose real impa...
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 03/12/2025
After several turbulent weeks in Russia-Ukraine diplomacy, where do peace prospects actually stand? Eric Ciaramella joins Anastasiia Lapatina and Benjamin Wittes on the Lawfare Daily podcast to discuss: www.lawfaremedia.org/article/lawf...
lawfaremedia.org
Lawfare Daily: Anastasiia Lapatina and Eric Ciaramella Talk Russia, Ukraine, and Trump
Is the United States abandoning Ukraine?
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Thomas de Waal @tomdewaal.bsky.social · 13/11/2025
Armenia's election, like it or not, is being fought by outside actors as well. Russia and parts of the US diaspora have a new candidate to unseat Nikol Pashinyan. Pashinyan needs help to demonstrate progress in his Real Armenia agenda. My latest for @carnegieeurope.bsky.social
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 13/11/2025
Syria’s new leadership faces no shortage of immediate problems, not least holding onto power and restoring order. Moscow is willing to assist it in those tasks to further its own ends, argues Ruslan Suleymanov: carnegieendowment.org/russia-euras...
carnegieendowment.org
From Wanted Man to Kremlin Guest: Russia Welcomes Syria’s New Leader
Syria’s new leadership faces no shortage of immediate problems, not least holding onto power and restoring order. As long as Moscow is willing to assist it in those tasks, more delicate issues such as...
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Temur Umarov @tumarov.bsky.social · 11/11/2025
Central Asia is adapting its entire ideological agenda to impress one man: Donald Trump. The recent C5+1 summit was a new high point in US-Central Asian ties. But is this rapprochement real, or just risk? 🧵🧵🧵
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 10/11/2025
What’s behind the arrest of Ramiz Mehdiyev, who was for decades one of Azerbaijan’s most influential politicians, and why has President Aliyev accused him of plotting a Russia-backed coup d’état? Read Bashir Kitachaev's analysis here:
carnegieendowment.org
Azerbaijan Purges Its Old Elites Amid Accusations of Pro-Russian Pensioners’ Plot
Mehdiyev appears to have fallen victim to a combination of circumstances: a clan war, the ongoing consolidation of power, and the Azerbaijani leadership’s attempts to establish a strict monopoly on di...
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Michael Kofman @michaelkofman.bsky.social · 07/11/2025
Check out the latest Russia Contingency. I join the head of Lasar’s Group, one of Ukraine’s best and lesser known drone units to talk about their experience, how drone use is evolving, adaptation on both sides, and what the future holds. @WarOnTheRocks warontherocks.com/episode/ther...
warontherocks.com
Ukrainian Drone Unit Commander Shares Lessons from the Front - War on the Rocks
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 06/11/2025
"The main audience for proposals from the Russian elite is not in fact Trump, but Putin, who still seeks a landmark agreement with Washington." Andrey Pertsev on why figures close to Putin are trying to earn Trump's approval: carnegieendowment.org/russia-euras...
carnegieendowment.org
Why Is the Russian Elite So Keen to Cozy Up to Trump?
The main audience for all these proposals from the Russian elite is not in fact Trump, but Putin, who still seeks a landmark agreement with Washington.
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Carnegie Politika @ceip-politika.bsky.social · 31/10/2025
Ultimately, the adoption of some scheme to appropriate Russia's frozen assets seems almost inevitable. Otherwise, it will not just be Ukraine that is at risk, but the very raison d’être of the EU, argues Alexander Kolyandr: carnegieendowment.org/russia-euras...
carnegieendowment.org
Has the EU Found a Way to Use Frozen Russian Assets to Help Ukraine?
Ultimately, the adoption of some sort of scheme to appropriate the assets seems almost inevitable. Otherwise, it will not just be Ukraine that is at risk, but the very raison d’être of the EU.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 30/10/2025
.@andrewsweiss.bsky.social joined the American Prestige podcast (@amprestigepod.bsky.social) to discuss the state of Russia's war on Ukraine, the future of European security, and more. Listen here:
americanprestigepod.com
American Prestige
“American Prestige” takes a comprehensive look at U.S. foreign policy and int'l affairs, providing listeners with everything they need to know about what's going on in the world.
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Alexander Gabuev 陈寒士 @alexgabuev.bsky.social · 30/10/2025
Will Trump's sanctions against Russian oil finally force Putin to abandon his war against Ukraine? We've dissected this issue with Eddie Fishman, author of "Chokepoints: American Power in the Age of Economic Warfare." Tune in! carnegieendowment.org/podcasts/car...
carnegieendowment.org
The Collapse of the Oil Empire? New U.S. Sanctions Against Russia, With Edward Fishman
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 28/10/2025
"While martial law has suspended formal democratic processes, it has not extinguished Ukraine’s democratic ambitions and track record of competitive politics and media freedom." Anatolii Oktysiuk and Balazs Jarabik on Ukraine's thawing political landscape:
carnegieendowment.org
Unfreezing Politics: Ukraine’s Internal Battlefield
While martial law has suspended formal democratic processes, it has not erased Ukraine’s track record of competitive politics and media freedom.
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Carnegie Russia Eurasia @carnegierussia.bsky.social · 28/10/2025
Six months since its establishment, the U.S.-Ukraine Reconstruction Investment Fund is taking shape as an institutional partnership in the natural resources sector. Eric Green suggests it could be used to meet Kyiv's pressing defense needs as well:
carnegieendowment.org
The U.S.-Ukraine Reconstruction Investment Fund: A Six-Month Progress Assessment
The USURIF has the potential to help integrate Ukraine into Western critical minerals supply chains. But the United States needs to expand the fund so it can help Ukraine address its urgent security a...
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