Representation by proxy? The democratic inclusion of youth and migrants

Despite relatively low legal age thresholds for legislative office in Latin America, young people remain markedly underrepresented in national parliaments. Draw...

This 2025 report is the sixth IPU review of youth participation in national parliaments. It maps the presence of young members of parliament (MPs) worldwide, providing the most recent data on the prop...

The age of candidacy acts as a barrier that prevents youth from participating in politics as representatives. While the candidacy age has become a widely debated issue worldwide in recent years, littl...

The lack of candidate diversity and the descriptive under-representation of groups such as women and young people in parliaments is a recurring concer…

Globally, parliaments are dominated by middle-aged lawmakers, leading to descriptive underrepresentation of young adults in national legislatures. Recent research has begun to analyse the causes of...

This study investigates generational inequalities in perceived political representation in Italy. Drawing on original survey data (N = 1,004), we construct a Representation Index based on three sal...

PhD thesis defence by Ieva Hofmane

Representation of young adults in legislatures has been the subject of increasing empirical study, with a growing number of studies addressing the causes of low rates of youth representation. While...

The GYPI is the first global tool measuring youth participation. Click to explore!

The GYPI is the first global tool measuring youth participation. Click to explore!

Political parties rely on youth wings for the political representation and mobilisation of youth. This article examines the role of youth wings within political parties; youth wing members assess the ...

Political parties rely on youth wings for the political representation and mobilisation of youth. This article examines the role of youth wings within political parties; youth wing members assess the ...

Over the past few decades, many democracies have experienced low or falling voter turnout and a sharp decline in the members of mainstream political parties. ...

Over the past few decades, many democracies have experienced low or falling voter turnout and a sharp decline in the members of mainstream political parties. ...

The Inter-Parliame