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John Forbes

@redshiftless.bsky.social
1.5K followers 1.7K following 124 posts

Astronomer in Aotearoa/New Zealand at the University of Canterbury. Pusher of pixels, pens, arrays, and computer keys. www.johncforbes.com

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Reposted by John Forbes
Chris Lintott @chrislintott.bsky.social · 28/09/2026
New paper day! The Ōtautahi-Oxford view on the chemistry of interstellar objects, now with added sulphur. arxiv.org/abs/2609.30827 🔭 🧪
arxiv.org
On the Compositions of Interstellar Objects
As physical samples of distant planetary systems, the compositions of interstellar objects (ISOs) should correlate with the properties of their diverse parent stars. We combine a chemical partition mo...
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 26/09/2026
*99.99% hydrogen & helium (the latter being around 25%)
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Reposted by John Forbes
Michele Bannister @astrokiwi.bsky.social · 21/09/2026
Interested by ISOs like 3I/ATLAS? PhD opportunity in interstellar object observations, here in New Zealand. Join our Ōtautahi-Oxford group & the NZ Gravity collaboration. Start by March 1. ☄️🔭
gravity.ac.nz
PhD Scholarships – Statistics, Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravitational Wave Astronomy | New Zealand Gravity
About us The NZ Astrostatistics and General Relativity Group (NZ Gravity) is a cross-institutional research team spanning astrophysics, cosmology, ma...
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 07/09/2026
Especially if you do a few routes back-to-back!
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 31/08/2026
This guy..
A photo of a brown and white cat asleep on a sofa with his front paws splayed in front of him, and his head up against a pillow.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 30/08/2026
Perhaps only for US IPs?
A screenshot of a phone screen showing Google Maps’s view of Lake Ontario, taken 00:53 on 31 August from New Zealand, showing the label Lake Ontario.
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Reposted by John Forbes
Adrian Price-Whelan @adrian.pw · 13/08/2026
tl;dr We found a globular cluster stellar stream candidate in another galaxy! If this holds up, this will be an important new chapter in stellar stream and dark matter research. (w/ @spacewsarah.bsky.social @jakenibauer.bsky.social and more) www.nature.com/articles/s41...
nature.com
Evidence for the first globular cluster stellar stream beyond the Milky Way - Nature
Deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the ultra-diffuse galaxy UGC 9050-Dw1 reveals an extragalactic globular cluster stream, with analysis and modelling probing the rich dark matter content of the h...
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 06/08/2026
Used one for a bit and it really exacerbated my TMJD :-(
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Reposted by John Forbes
Prof. Sam Lawler @sundogplanets.mastodon.social.ap.brid.gy · 27/07/2026
"This is more than just a niche issue for astronomers. This is an issue that's going to affect the quality of life for everybody on Earth." www.space.com/space-exploration/sat…
space.com
Private companies could ruin the night sky for the entire world, and international law can't stop them
The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) can single-handedly approve space projects that will change the night sky around the world. The international community can do very little against it.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 08/07/2026
To read more about our Solar System's brave adventurers, have a look at the paper "There and back again: the quasi-interstellar objects" arxiv.org/abs/2607.04216 Thanks to coauthors @astrokiwi.bsky.social @chrislintott.bsky.social @astrohopkins.bsky.social
static.klipy.com
Bilbo Baggins: I'm Going on an Adventure!
Alt: Bilbo Baggins: I'm Going on an Adventure!
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 08/07/2026
They're also very slow, so there's very little chance of confusing one for a bona fide interstellar object. We might confuse them with ordinary comets though.
The speed distributions of quasi-interstellar objects as they re-encounter the Solar System (Figure 6 of the paper). The purple lines are the most realistic, and they peak at velocities around 0.1 km/s (barely unbound from the Solar System).
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 08/07/2026
They're rare though! We predict that <1 / year enter within the orbit of Jupiter, so we're not particularly likely to find one even with LSST. (Though it would be very interesting if we did!)
Figure 5 of the paper. Here's the corresponding caption: "Predicted quasi-ISO rates. The y-axis shows our predictions for the present-day rate of quasi-ISOs entering the inner Solar system (pericenters < 5 au), compared against the number of Oort cloud objects ejected over the past 500 Myr. Each set of colored points corresponds to a different heating+ejection model, while the different symbols correspond to Oort
cloud erosion models. N23 refers to the simulation results from D. Nesvorn´y et al. (2023). In the case of “ejection timing only” we use the times that particles from the simulation cross the 500k au sphere in the simulation to interpolate the results of our burst simulations. In “last 100 Myr + kin” we initialize each particle with its position and velocity at the given time, integrate it, and evaluate the rate based on the resulting particle distribution. The filled vs hollow points correspond to different
assumptions about the normalization of the Oort cloud, respectively one based on the ISO density, and one based on the rate of long-period comets. Changes in normalization move points parallel to the solid line (increasing the number of objects ejected directly increases the rate of quasi-ISOs). The rate required to expect one detection in a 10-year survey is of order 10^−1 /yr, neglecting observational efficiencies."
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 08/07/2026
We had a look at these objects, which we call "quasi-interstellar objects" or quasi-ISOs (after quasi-moons). Some of the Solar System's interstellar objects do in fact come back!
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 08/07/2026
The Solar System ejected the vast majority of its comets and asteroids (~95%). What happens when these objects re-encounter the Solar System later? Would we mistake them for interstellar objects? That would be a bit of a headache! 🔭 🧪 🧵 1/5
static.klipy.com
Stress Stressed
Alt: Steve Carell playing Michael Scott in The Office (U.S.) massaging his forehead/eyebrows/bridge of nose, clearly in some discomfort.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 28/06/2026
Kid got his first board game for his 4th birthday (candyland) and I’ve lost 14/17 games we’ve played so far. Little does he know I’m playing the long game: a decade from now he'll love board games for reasons he doesn't understand, and I will introduce him to Alchemists
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 28/06/2026
fellas is it gay to check a box and save multiple lives at no cost to yourself? 🤔
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Reposted by John Forbes
Michael Plank @michaelplanknz.bsky.social · 27/06/2026
On the destruction of New Zealand science peterkdearden.substack.com/p/on-the-des...
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samuel mehr @mehr.nz · 25/06/2026
this right here is why New Zealand is going to lose a generation, or more, of scientific talent — and will probably also contribute to Luxon losing his job #nzpol
"To give you a feel for R&D (research and development) in New Zealand, we're probably 19th per capita in terms of our spend on R&D, but we're 46th on commercialisation. And I just hate it when I run into people and they go, 'Oh, New Zealand invented a piece of science.' You go, 'That's lovely, sunshine, but actually who invented the $10 billion business?' And it'll be some American or some Australian that gets to do that."

Luxon said the goal was to "brutally commercialise our science system".

"I want professors to become millionaires because they're partnering with entrepreneurs and building out businesses ... where that interface between universities and entrepreneurship and government is all joined up, like we see in other parts of the world too."
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Richard Easther @rjme.bsky.social · 10/06/2026
Turns out the promo image is me, but I'm giving a public talk about what we can and can't see in the sky for Matariki Week in Christchurch... Monday July 6, 730 pm -- tickets are free! www.artscentre.org.nz/whats-on/pub...
artscentre.org.nz
Public Astronomy Lecture: Scanning The Darkest Skies
Matariki Events in Christchurch New Zealand: Bring the whole whānau for a taste of this ancient and living Māori artform. Complete with opportunities for audience participation, Ngā Toi o Te Rangi alw...
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 08/06/2026
Well that’s not great!
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Michele Bannister @astrokiwi.bsky.social · 03/06/2026
What do we mean by 'thick disk' and 'thin disk' when it comes to the Galactic origin of interstellar objects like 3I/ATLAS? Some musings from @astrohopkins.bsky.social, @chrislintott.bsky.social, @redshiftless.bsky.social and I ☄️🔭 iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3...
iopscience.iop.org
Interstellar Objects in the Context of the Milky Way’s Thin and Thick Disks
Interstellar Objects in the Context of the Milky Way’s Thin and Thick Disks, Hopkins, Matthew J., Lintott, Chris J., Bannister, Michele T., Forbes, John C.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 15/05/2026
🧪 🔭 Things like this seem necessary - otherwise the incentives are all in the direction of "send slop into the literature as fast as possible."
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 09/05/2026
Reposting today for no reason in particular.
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Laura Lopez @ohdearz.bsky.social · 17/04/2026
Physics bachelors programs at Bowling Green, Kent State, Ohio U, and Wright State will be eliminated! ⚛️🧪🔭
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Pam Herd @pamherd.bsky.social · 27/03/2026
While the situation is grim at NIH, it's closer to catastrophic at NSF. They're just not able to move any money out the door. It appears OMB has them on lockdown. www.science.org/content/arti....
Figure showing NSF funding curve in 2026 compared to prior years.  The line is nearly at zero as of mid February.  As Science and Nature have reported, NIH and NSF have made only a relative handful of new grants since their 2026 appropriations became law, partly because of the OMB delays. A new rumor among the U.S. academic community is that, even after OMB signs off, it will hold agencies to the levels Trump requested for them in May 2025 rather than the more generous amounts Congress approved. For NSF, which received an appropriation of $8.8 billion, a version of those rumors holds that OMB must approve any spending above the president’s request of $3.9 billion—and that any additional outlays must clearly align with the administration’s priorities.
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Robb Edwards 🌱 @robedwards1.bsky.social · 24/03/2026
A million new SpaceX satellites will destroy the night sky — for everyone on Earth theconversation.com/a-million-ne...
theconversation.com
A million new SpaceX satellites will destroy the night sky — for everyone on Earth
If SpaceX launches one million new satellites, it will increase atmospheric pollution and risk of falling debris. And we will see more satellites than stars.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 17/03/2026
Due to a poor choice of headphone placement, my hairstyle for much of today may best be described as the "Londo Mollari"
Londo Mollari, the Centauri ambassador to Babylon 5, played by Peter Jurasik. In the photo a man in a fancy uniform raises a glass, likely giving a toast, with plants and a irregular set of blue neon lights in the background. His hair is arranged such that the front half of his head is bald, then about 10 cm of hair fans outward perpendicular from his head, in a manner somewhat reminiscent of a trifoil hat worn with one point at the back of the head.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 13/03/2026
Technically kind of true (the best kind of true)! Of course, speaking as one such nerd, not every cubic parsec is equally interesting (and you need about 55 more 9's 👀). 🔭
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 12/03/2026
Number of photos or videos taken by my phone per day over the past 6 years.
A graph! x-axis is years 2018-2026.3; y-axis is log-scaled "Captures per day" referring to photos/videos taken by my phone. A very noisy blue dataset labelled "daily" is shown, along with a 30-day mean, shown in orange. 3 events associated with step changes in the capture rate are shown - "Adopted Cats" late 2020, "Kid born" mid-2022, and "Kid discovers he can take photos on phone" this past week.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 07/03/2026
His understanding is still based on individual fruits: "Is apple a tropical fruit?" "No, apple is a temperate fruit!" I guess we have to track down some lingonberry juice!
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 07/03/2026
Following extensive discussions regarding the nature of "tropical juice" over the past several days, the kid has deduced the existence of "temperate juice."
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Reposted by John Forbes
Michele Bannister @astrokiwi.bsky.social · 27/02/2026
"Rocket launches already contribute to climate change and ozone depletion. Scaling them up to deploy a million aircraft-sized satellites would push upper-atmosphere heating and ozone loss far beyond previous estimates, with the steady burn-up of dead satellites compounding the impacts." 🧪🛰️🚀
theconversation.com
A new space race could turn our atmosphere into a ‘crematorium for satellites’
Planned ‘megaconstellations’ of satellites could cause unforeseen harm to the ozone layer and climate systems. Global regulation is needed before it’s too late.
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Prof. Sam Lawler @sundogplanets.mastodon.social.ap.brid.gy · 26/02/2026
New article out about what a million satellites could do to our atmosphere. It's bad. theconversation.com/a-new-space-rac…
theconversation.com
A new space race could turn our atmosphere into a ‘crematorium for satellites’
Planned ‘megaconstellations’ of satellites could cause unforeseen harm to the ozone layer and climate systems. Global regulation is needed before it’s too late.
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CosmicRami 🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍⚧️ @rami.spaceaustralia.com · 26/02/2026
Excellent piece from @astrokiwi.bsky.social @sundogplanets.mastodon.social.ap.brid.gy & Laura Revell. This one sentence is the crux of it all 👇 "There is no public mandate for a single company in one country to make changes on that scale to the planet’s atmosphere." Highly recommended. 🔭🧪
theconversation.com
A new space race could turn our atmosphere into a ‘crematorium for satellites’
Planned ‘megaconstellations’ of satellites could cause unforeseen harm to the ozone layer and climate systems. Global regulation is needed before it’s too late.
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Meredith Rawls @merrdiff.bsky.social · 25/02/2026
Alerts are flowing from Rubin Observatory! There will be a proper press release in the coming hours, please see all the details then, and meanwhile, your favorite alert broker probably has public data available to peruse *now*! We are up to well over 20k alerts after 20 min on sky 🔭
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Jeremy Berg @jeremymberg.bsky.social · 13/02/2026
NSF Update Funding curve overall. A little bit of progress in the past week, but only a little bit. Now by Directorate... 1/11
A line curve showing number of awards for fiscal year 2026 compared to fiscal years 2021-2025 across NSF. The fiscal year 2026 curve lies well below curves for other fiscal years.
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Dr Rajika "Reggie" Kuruwita @reggiek.bsky.social · 09/02/2026
I have student projects available for all levels! Interested in simulating star formation and interactions with the star-forming cloud? Have a look at these! I work with students to align the project to their skills, interests, and academic level. 🔭✨#Astronomy rajikalk.github.io/html_pages/s...
rajikalk.github.io
Student projects - Kuruwita
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Tal Lavin @swordsjew.bsky.social · 02/02/2026
death by preventable disease is an inevitable and even desired outcome of concentration camps. in every era of concentration camps people have died of typhus, which is a disease of privation and enforced crowding. this illness is intentionally inflicted
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Heather Hendrickson @drhhnz.bsky.social · 02/02/2026
Pleased to say that Carl Bergstrom (@carlbergstrom.com) will be speaking at the University of Canterbury on 13th Feb! He is hosted by @tepunahamatatini.bsky.social come see him at noon in Jack Erskine 441!
A poster announcing details of Carl’s talk at UC on Feb 13th. Title “ information foraging in a social media world”
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 30/01/2026
I felt a strong kinship with the people offering $50 for such a sandwich from the OP.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 27/01/2026
Anyone else have this experience?
The meme of Angela Kinsey appearing quietly behind Dwight Shrute from the Office (US).

In the first panel, Dwight is enjoying something, and is captioned "READING THE DEMON HAUNTED WORLD". Angela is labelled "MENTION OF THE 1974 NOBEL PRIZE WITH NO ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF BELL". In the second panel, Dwight sees Angela and is surprised, captioned "F**k"
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 19/01/2026
Brown dwarfs are "failed stars" - they never got enough mass to burn hydrogen in their cores, or at least not enough to supply the energy they radiate away at their surface. But what happens if you add enough mass to a brown dwarf to push it over that threshold in mass? Does it become a star? 🔭 🧪 🧵
An artist's impression of a brown dwarf, from NASA/JPL-Caltech.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 19/01/2026
In our models we can basically describe it just in terms of the amount of entropy that needs to be filled in (to restart convection) relative to the luminosity (Lnuc) available to do that heating. But we only explored a couple simple accretion histories, so this could well be an oversimplification!
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 19/01/2026
The accretion history can matter if it takes long enough (>1 Gyr, i.e. the thermal timescale) that the internal state of the star changes during accretion. Otherwise the time that the core remains frozen is set by how close the object ends up to the Lnuc=Lsurf line.
Figure 3 from the paper. It's a version of the cartoon diagram shown elsewhere in the thread, but made with numerical stellar models. Each model is coloured by its fate, with longer frozen core timescales corresponding to yellower colours, and shorter corresponding to bright pink. The closer the objects end up in this space to a particular locus of points (not shown) where Lnuc=Lsurf, the longer the frozen core lasts.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 19/01/2026
Mostly the latter! To unfreeze the core you need to put in enough energy to raise the temperature to the point that convection can resume, and that’s set by how degenerate the core has been allowed to get.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 19/01/2026
For more, including how to actually find these objects, check out the paper arxiv.org/abs/2601.10908! (and recruit Jaime to your PhD program!)
arxiv.org
Pink Dwarfs and the Paths to Stardom: How Brown Dwarfs Pushed Above the Hydrogen Burning Limit Evolve
Brown dwarfs that gain mass through binary interactions may be pushed above the boundary that divides brown dwarfs from low-mass stars: the hydrogen burning limit (HBL). Some of these objects will mak...
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 19/01/2026
They may spend ~a billion years as their core heats up and "unfreezes", while they remain dim on the surface. And naturally, as beige+red dwarfs we call these pink dwarfs.
Figure 1 from the paper, showing how the erstwhile brown dwarfs evolve. The coloured arrows represent the paths the different stellar and substellar objects take as they evolve on a plot of mass against ψ, the thermal energy per particle in units of the Fermi energy in the star’s core. Lower values of ψ indicate colder and more degenerate cores. The separately coloured regions and their corresponding outline arrows indicate what direction an object would
move. In the pink region within the parabola, objects have a nuclear luminosity, Lnuc, greater than their surface luminosity, Lsurf and they evolve to the right as their cores heat up. In the blue region, Lsurf > Lnuc, so objects evolve to the left as they radiate more energy than
they generate. The black parabola is where Lnuc = Lsurf . The solid right-hand side of the parabola represents the main sequence; it is stable to perturbations in ψ. The dashed left-hand side is unstable. The lowest mass on the parabola is the hydrogen burning limit, MHBL.
The arrows for the red dwarf and brown dwarf are horizontal as these objects do not change their mass throughout their lives without an outside influence. Maroon, pink, and beige dwarfs begin as brown dwarfs and evolve leftwards until an episode of mass accretion results in them splitting off from the brown dwarf arrow vertically, at least in the case of fast accretion. When accretion has stopped, they then evolve horizontally to the left or right. Maroon dwarfs, like red dwarfs, evolve left and settle on the main sequence. Beige dwarfs end up above the hydrogen burning limit, but outside of the parabola, and so evolve left like a brown dwarf, never reaching the main sequence. A pink dwarf is located inside the parabola when mass has stopped accreting and then evolves to the right to settle on the main sequence. The ‘frozen cores/plateaus’ region in the parabola is the area in which a subset of our pink dwarf models have a frozen core or luminosity plateau
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 19/01/2026
But there's an interesting intermediate case, where you wait a while but not quite long enough to make it to beige dwarf territory. These things will eventually become stars, but they take their time.
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 19/01/2026
If you add mass early, you basically take a brown dwarf and put it in a region of parameter space that is red dwarf-like. So naturally we call these maroon(~ red+brown) dwarfs. These are basically indistinguishable from ordinary low-mass stars as far as we can tell.
Meme of a guy in a red uniform shirt sweating and deciding between several buttons. The guy has a brown circle obscuring his face and is captioned "Brown Dwarf Gaining Mass". There are three buttons labeled "Pink", "Beige", and "Maroon"
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John Forbes @redshiftless.bsky.social · 19/01/2026
But what if you're impatient and add the mass earlier? In a new paper led by University of Canterbury student Jaime Luisi, we run some simulations to find out! arxiv.org/abs/2601.10908
A text meme.
1. Be a brown dwarf
2. Add mass
3. ??????
4. (strikethrough: Profit) Become a star!
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