Highly conserved mRNA 3′ UTRs act as co-translational chaperones for intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), preventing inter-domain misfolding and enabling biogenesis of fully active proteins.

Carboxysomes are cyanobacterial CO2-concentrating compartments with a proteinaceous shell. The elucidation of the role of the shell adaptor protein ApN in stepwise β-carboxysome assembly will aid the ...

Single-particle tracking experiments in intact cells reveal dynamic co- and post-translational interactions of the TRiC–PFD chaperonin complex with client proteins during in vivo protein folding.

Single-particle tracking experiments in intact cells reveal dynamic co- and post-translational interactions of the TRiC–PFD chaperonin complex with client proteins during in vivo protein folding.

Nature - Viral ribonucleoprotein–viral protein networks form pre-replication centres that nucleate viral factories and drive respiratory syncytial virus replication.

Protein degradation by the proteasome is central to cellular homeostasis and has been studied extensively using biochemical and structural studies. Despite an in-depth understanding of core proteolytic activity, it has remained largely unresolved how individual proteasomes process substrates inside living cells where many substrate types and co-factors exist. Here, we establish a live-cell single-molecule imaging approach that enables direct visualization and quantification of protein degradation by individual proteasomes. Using this approach, we find that substrate identity, folding and protein-protein interaction have a surprisingly modest impact on processing efficiency, whereas the mode of substrate engagement greatly impacts substrate processing; degradation initiated from protein termini typically proceeds rapidly and with high processivity, whereas internal engagement constitutes a distinct processing mode that exhibits poor processivity and a specific requirement for the AAA+ family ATPase p97/VCP. Furthermore, degradation initiated from opposite termini proceeds with asymmetric rates in a sequence-dependent manner, demonstrating that directionality is an important feature of proteasomal processing in vivo. Notably, poly-glutamine substrates associated with neurodegenerative disease are efficiently degraded from one terminus but resist degradation when engaged from the opposite terminus, highlighting the importance of substrate engagement mode. Together, our results show that different modes of substrate engagement lead to different proteasomal processing outcomes in vivo and revise the prevailing view of the proteasome as a uniform degradation machine. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Large oligomeric proteins constitute a major fraction of proteomes, but are difficult to refold in vitro, raising the question of how cells direct their biogenesis. Roeselová and Shivakumaraswamy et a...