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Kevin Tobia

@kevintobia.bsky.social
8.5K followers 528 following 42 posts

Law Professor at Georgetown. Legal interpretation, Supreme Court, philosophy, experimental jurisprudence, law & tech Bio: bit.ly/4hQXQil | Papers: bit.ly/3OkT2nH 🏳️‍🌈

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Kevin Tobia @kevintobia.bsky.social · 25/09/2026
Cool new studies on psychology of consent. We associate consent with a patient (not agentic) role that communicates instrumental (not intrinsic) desire. E.g. A patient consents for the (agent) doctor to perform surgery to (instrumentally) promote health. www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
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April Bailey @ahbailey.bsky.social · 24/09/2026
Thank you for this Josh—very kind! Worth noting our ideas have deep philosophical roots in de Beauvoir's account of woman as 'the other.' Adding to her philosophical claim about wider culture, we show this is a feature of social cognition, empirically measurable in how people think about categories
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Lawrence Solum @lsolum.bsky.social · 30/08/2026
Legal Theory Lexicon: The Reasonable Person Introduction Today’s Legal Theory Lexicon is about the “reasonable person.” The notion of a “reasonable person” usually makes its first appearance in the…...
legaltheoryblog.com
Legal Theory Lexicon: The Reasonable Person
Introduction Today’s Legal Theory Lexicon is about the “reasonable person.” The notion of a “reasonable person” usually makes its first appearance in the Torts course. The context, of course, is the tort of negligence, where the “reasonable person” is used to define the standard of care that triggers liability for unintentional harms. But what makes a “reasonable person” reasonable? The concept of the reasonable person is not limited to torts, however.
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Dan Walters @profdanwalters.bsky.social · 26/08/2026
Now available on @ssrn.bsky.social: "When Is the Best Reading of a Statute That It Delegates Discretion?" Co-authored with @kevintobia.bsky.social and Marko Petrovic. We use experimental surveys to explore how "ordinary readers" understand Loper Bright delegations. papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers....
papers.ssrn.com
When Is the Best Reading of A Statute That It Delegates Discretion?
<p><span>The Supreme Court’s decision in <i>Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo</i> to end <i>Chevron </i>deference has at least temporarily unsettled the fiel
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Anne Joseph O’Connell @ajosephoconnell.bsky.social · 03/08/2026
Gillian Metzger, Eloise Pasachoff, & I finished the 2026 supplement to the Gellhorn & Byse Administrative Law casebook. It is comprehensive, with excerpts from many cases, administrative documents, & scholarship. Email me if you want a copy. We hope it is useful to practitioners as well as teachers.
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Dave Hoffman @hoffprof.bsky.social · 21/07/2026
🚨New paper w/ @ProfArbel, "Generative Gap Filling"🚨 SSRN: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.... And a 🧵.
papers.ssrn.com
Generative Gap Filling
Contract law polices a line between interpretation, the recovery of meaning a text already holds, and gap filling, the supply of terms the text lacks. The bound
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Kevin Tobia @kevintobia.bsky.social · 13/07/2026
Do high practical stakes reduce knowledge? Many philosophers assume yes. A fascinating paper shows stakes don't affect lay evaluations of what one "knows." Yet, they do impact actionability: e.g., when the stakes of X are high, we should double-check X. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
A puzzle about knowledge ascriptions
Philosophers have argued that stakes affect knowledge: a given amount of evidence may suffice for knowledge if the stakes are low, but not if the stakes are high. By contrast, empirical work on the i....
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Sydney Levine @sydneylevine.bsky.social · 07/07/2026
Officially out!! Resource-rational contractualism: A triple theory of moral cognition. Our vision for a unified theory of moral cognition, putting agreement-based processes at the core of morality. Now out in BBS, published alongside 27 commentaries and our response.
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Brandon Tensley @brandontensley.bsky.social · 29/06/2026
Capital B's most ambitious project yet is here! For the Record is an oral history archive that will collect at least 250 firsthand accounts of Black American life. It's our way of making sure that a gaunt, sanitized version of history isn't the one that endures. fortherecordarchive.org
fortherecordarchive.org
For the Record: A Black Oral History Archive
Black stories, told in Black voices, documenting the American story in full.
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Maggie Blackhawk @maggieblackhawk.bsky.social · 25/06/2026
I gather that mine is an unpopular opinion: but the Supreme Court deciding the Birthright Citizenship case by reaching the Constitution, rather than holding the executive order unlawful as violating the statute (INA), follows naturally from a week of opinions that strengthen #SCOTUS power overall.
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Luke Herrine @lookheron.bsky.social · 22/06/2026
Many LPE articles (including mine) draw on quantitative empirical work, including studies that employ modern causal inference methods. And the Blog has even published some, e.g., lpeproject.org/blog/as-if-t... lpeproject.org/blog/the-bad... But also lpeproject.org/blog/law-lib...
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Kevin Tobia @kevintobia.bsky.social · 22/06/2026
A thought on the LPE v. L&E debate from an empiricist uncommitted to either paradigm... (1) This blog post is right: The suggestion that "empirical legal studies = law and econ." is wrong and frustrating to encounter.
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Aaron Bruhl @aaronbruhl.bsky.social · 18/06/2026
I have posted a revised version of my forthcoming article on “The General Law and the Local Law of Interpretation.” I hope it may be of value to people interested in: (1) the early American history of statutory interpretation, (2) state statutory interpretation (where the action was), and …
papers.ssrn.com
The General Law and the Local Law of Interpretation
Long presumed obsolete after Erie Railroad v. Tompkins, the "general common law" has reemerged as a subject of serious inquiry in recent scholarship i
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Adam Bonica @adambonica.bsky.social · 18/06/2026
For years I've tracked billionaire excess. Each year I show students a chart that blows their minds. This year I had to redraw it for a trillionaire: Elon Musk, $1.32T. Depressing that we're here. Silver lining: couldn't have happened to a less deserving person, proof that wealth ≠ merit.
stanford.edu
Elon Musk's $1.32 Trillion, to Scale
The first trillionaire's fortune, one pixel per $1,000 — scroll past every dollar, and see what a fraction of it could do instead.
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Nick Byrd, Ph.D. @byrdnick.com · 07/06/2026
I'm at #Harvard for #BSPA2026 sharing new #bioethics results about identity, #law, and #medicine. I'll post more from BSPA on Bluesky. Our poster: Intuitions about a real #neurology case implied #PhineasGage effects may be more about point-of-view and physicality than morality.
An Apple Map street view of a building at Harvard.Moral Surgery: Perspective and Physicality Impact Identity?
If someone changes morally, are they the ‘same’ person? It depends!
Nick Byrd & Aaron Camacho

Case: “[you/Alex] are extremely [kind/cruel]; [you/Alex] really enjoy[s] [helping/harming] people. [you/Alex have/has] had steady jobs and stable relationships. However, later in the year something changed. In some ways [you/Alex] after the change [are/is] remarkably different from [you/Alex] before the change. [You/Alex] before the change [were/was] extremely [kind/cruel] and enjoyed [helping/harming] people, but [you/Alex] after the change [are/is] now extremely [cruel/kind]; [you/Alex] even enjoy[s] [harming/helping] people.

...[you/Alex] received a full neurological examination, revealing a large egg-sized tumor in [you/Alex’s] brain. The doctors removed the brain tumor and [you/Alex] promptly recovered from surgery. However, after the surgery, something changed. In some ways [you/Alex] after the surgery [are/is] remarkably..."We ran an experiment comparing 2 morality conditions (deterioration vs. improvement) and 2 point-of-view conditions (1st- vs. 3rd-person) across two repeated decisions about a more-or-less unexplained moral change and then — after doctors identified and removed a brain tumor — another moral change back to baseline. Over 200 people assessed a vignette adapted from a real neurology case report of someone who experienced two sequential moral changes (Burns & Swerdlow 2003). 

The plot shows point-of-view effects at both decision points, but no Phineas Gage effect (or moral change effect). The plot also shows that no other controlled variable reliably predicted variance in the decisions about identity.ABSTRACT
Pixar’s Inside Out depicts the self as fragmented, with interacting and sometimes competing agents. Putting aside the film’s unscientific embellishments, cognitive science does find people seeing other people as more fragmented over time if those people change for the worse (morally) than if change for the better — also known as the so-called Phineas Gage or Moral Direction effect (Strohminger & Nichols PMID: 24503450; Tobia 2015 DOI: 10.1093/analys/anv041).

Our results raise various questions:
- Are intuitions about personal identity more about POV or physicality than ethics?
- Should ethical, legal, or medical norms or decisions involving identity be framed first-personally or third-personally? Both?
- Should the physicality of moral change be relevant, ethically? Legally? Medically?
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Aaron Bruhl @aaronbruhl.bsky.social · 19/05/2026
Some personal news I’m proud to share:
law.wm.edu
2026 McGlothlin Teaching Award Given to Exceptional Law and Business Professors
The 2026 McGlothlin Award for Exceptional Teaching has been granted to Professor Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl of William & Mary Law School and to Professor Dawn Edmiston of the Raymond A. Mason School of Bus...
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Kevin Tobia @kevintobia.bsky.social · 19/05/2026
Postdoc opening in experimental jurisprudence at @jagiellonskiuni.bsky.social
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Jakub Jaraczewski @jakubjaraczewski.bsky.social · 21/04/2026
🇪🇺🏳️‍🌈⚖️🇭🇺 A legal earthquake - CJEU finds Hungary to have violated EU law on multiple counts with its anti-LGBT+ legislation (as expected) but also for the first time in history, in an EU law-reshaping precedent, finds Hungary to violate Art 2 TEU in a self-standing manner.
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Lawrence Solum @lsolum.bsky.social · 16/04/2026
Lawrence and Nevitt on the Two-Year Clause and Military Appropriations Matthew B. Lawrence and Mark Nevitt (both Emory University School of Law) have posted Reviving the Military’s Term Limit (G.W. L. Rev. (forthcoming)) on SSRN. Here is the abstract: This Article argues for the revival of a…
legaltheoryblog.com
Lawrence and Nevitt on the Two-Year Clause and Military Appropriations
Matthew B. Lawrence and Mark Nevitt (both Emory University School of Law) have posted Reviving the Military&#8217;s Term Limit (G.W. L. Rev. (forthcoming)) on SSRN. Here is the abstract: This Article argues for the revival of a dormant constitutional safeguard that the Framers intended to keep the military accountable to the people. The safeguard is the Constitution&#8217;s forgotten Two-Year Clause, which prohibits Congress from appropriating funds &#8220;to raise and support Armies&#8221; for a period longer than two years.
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Daniel G. Aaron, MD, JD @medlawdan.bsky.social · 17/04/2026
Announcing my latest law review article, Law-Policy Tethering, will be published in Iowa Law Review. The Supreme Court is transforming the law-policy relationship, with big implications for health, environment, labor, and voting. Judicial review is too strict & too deferential. (1/2)
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Dr Laura Smith-Khan @lawandlanguage.org · 10/04/2026
We now have a complete set of teaching case studies on our law and language website! 🤗🥳 These case studies share the experience of 8 Australian academics who have incorporated a law and language focus into their teaching, across diverse, units, disciplines and universities.
lawandlanguage.org
Teaching Case Studies
In 2025, the LLIRN ran its first internship program, with the goal of developing a set of peer-informed resources to support those wishing to incorporate a law and language focus into their teachin…
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Josh Chafetz @joshchafetz.bsky.social · 12/04/2026
Orbán turns out to be more of a democrat than the U.S. president and a nontrivial number of GOP candidates.
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Lawrence Solum @lsolum.bsky.social · 11/04/2026
Download of the Week: “Historical Practice Theories” by Ahmed The Download of the Week is Historical Practice Theories by Ashraf Ahmed. Here is the abstract: Contemporary constitutional law and theory is preoccupied with the question of practice. Over the last decade, across a range of issues—from…
legaltheoryblog.com
Download of the Week: “Historical Practice Theories” by Ahmed
The Download of the Week is Historical Practice Theories by Ashraf Ahmed. Here is the abstract: Contemporary constitutional law and theory is preoccupied with the question of practice. Over the last decade, across a range of issues—from gun rights to elections to school prayer to the structure of the administrative state—the Supreme Court has decided cases on the basis of past practice.
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Tanner Allread @tannerallread.bsky.social · 10/04/2026
Honestly still in shock by its placement, but my article (and job talk paper), “Indigenous Constitutionalism,” is officially out in the Harvard Law Review. A brief thread on this project🧵 harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-13...
harvardlawreview.org
Indigenous Constitutionalism - Harvard Law Review
By standard accounts, there are fifty-four constitutions across the federal, state, and territorial governments of the United States. But in fact, there are 230 other governmental constitutions that currently govern peoples and territories within the United States. These constitutions not only flow from a sovereignty that existed prior to the United States but also came out of a legal movement that asserted its independence from both the U.S. Constitution and state constitutions. This Article tells the story of these constitutions — the constitutions of Native nations.
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Brandon Waldon @bwal.bsky.social · 11/04/2026
Grateful to Professor @lsolum.bsky.social for sharing our work - and for the "Download it while it's hot!" accolade!
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Kevin Tobia @kevintobia.bsky.social · 09/04/2026
Prior studies have found that people perceive AI-led legal processes as less fair than human-led ones. This is the legal "human-AI fairness gap." New studies (N = 7,651) discover that this gap is mitigated with even minimal human involvement in the AI process. papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers....
papers.ssrn.com
Mitigating the Judicial Human-AI Fairness Gap
When algorithms make legal decisions, people perceive the process as less fair than when humans do — a phenomenon known as the judicial human-AI fairness gap. W
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Anthony Michael Kreis @anthonymkreis.bsky.social · 07/04/2026
Two weeks to remove him. Now.
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Maria Antoniak @mariaa.bsky.social · 07/04/2026
Important thread and paper. This is one of my biggest worries about chatbots, especially when combined with roleplay and any kind of user-chatbot "relationship." And now imagine persuasion for politics and other topics, not just purchasing choices...
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Judd Legum @juddlegum.bsky.social · 07/04/2026
Whatever happens, this is a deeply shameful episode in American history that will leave a permanent stain on the country. Repeatedly vowing to commit war crimes against millions of innocent civilians is beyond the pale.
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Tom Dannenbaum @tomdannenbaum.bsky.social · 07/04/2026
This is a threat to commit an atrocity crime of extraordinary proportions. The statement appears to be designed to spread terror among the Iranian population, which would render the threat itself a violation of international law, as recognized in the DoD Law of War Manual.
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Kai Ryssdal @kairyssdal.bsky.social · 07/04/2026
Republicans in Congress support this. It’s that simple
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Jed H. Shugerman @jedshug.bsky.social · 07/04/2026
Trump has done many terrible things over the past decade. He deliberately created anxiety, fear, and instability. But today's dread feels different. He is threatening a different order of terror. Mass war crimes. Countless civilian deaths. Will the date April 7, like Dec. 7, live in infamy?
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Marty Lederman @martylederman.bsky.social · 05/04/2026
Jamal's right: The story here isn't Trump; this is entirely consistent with what everyone's known about him for many years. The story is the complete degradation of a major political party. That said, committing war crimes & violating the Establishment Clause all in a single tweet is impressive.
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Jamal Greene @jamalgreene.bsky.social · 05/04/2026
Constitutional lawyer here. I don't think it would violate the Constitution for the VP/Cabinet to invoke the 25th Amendment, but the intended constitutional remedy for this behavior is impeachment & removal. The fact that that remedy is politically impossible is a scandal and a crisis.
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Kevin Tobia @kevintobia.bsky.social · 31/03/2026
Originalist debates often draw on historical analysis. Yet in statutory cases, textualist decisions--and critiques of them--rarely draw on linguistics. Linguistics can and should inform debates about textualism: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.... (with @bwal.bsky.social)
papers.ssrn.com
Linguistics and Textualism
Should linguistics inform textualism? When legal theories make claims about another discipline’s subject, that discipline is often illuminating: History impacts
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Niko Bowie @nikobowie.bsky.social · 07/03/2026
The lane is open for a 2028 candidate to pledge to accept jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court
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Dan Walters @profdanwalters.bsky.social · 02/04/2026
It was one thing for Congress to sign off on Bondi before it knew how DOJ would be weaponized, and entirely a different thing for it to blindly approve whoever Trump nominates to replace her now that it has notice of what DOJ is capable of. They better take their job seriously.
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Josh Chafetz @joshchafetz.bsky.social · 02/04/2026
If folks are interested, I've just posted an updated draft of The Chadha Presidency, with revisions accounting for the Supreme Court tariffs case, Iran WPR resolutions of disapproval, and more. ssrn.com/abstract=536...
ssrn.com
The <i>Chadha </i>Presidency
<p><span>Where is Congress? Why hasn’t it reined in some of the worst abuses of the Trump Administration? This Article argues that a significant part of the ans
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Bec Hamilton @bechamilton.bsky.social · 02/04/2026
As those with Constitutional responsibilities (looking at you Congress) are flailing in the face of illegal actions by the Executive, I'm proud to be part of this professional community, willing to come together to give voice to the rule of law: www.justsecurity.org/135423/profe...
justsecurity.org
Over 100 International Law Experts Warn: U.S. Strikes on Iran Violate UN Charter and May Be War Crimes
Over 100 international law experts sign letter on Iran War, UN Charter, and international humanitarian law.
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Experimental Philosophy @xphilosopher.bsky.social · 31/03/2026
The *majority* of philosophy papers now cite at least some empirical data. Papers that do purely a priori philosophy are in a minority
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Kevin Tobia @kevintobia.bsky.social · 31/03/2026
Originalist debates often draw on historical analysis. Yet in statutory cases, textualist decisions--and critiques of them--rarely draw on linguistics. Linguistics can and should inform debates about textualism: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.... (with @bwal.bsky.social)
papers.ssrn.com
Linguistics and Textualism
Should linguistics inform textualism? When legal theories make claims about another discipline’s subject, that discipline is often illuminating: History impacts
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Dr. Lisa Corrigan @drlisacorrigan.bsky.social · 28/03/2026
Social movement scholar here to comment on No King again. a 🧵: These protests are important b/c: 1.) as sustained image events, protests offer evidence of continued disapproval of the direction the country is going and disavowal of the country's leadership.
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Can’t Stop Twinkling 💕💚 @proftolson.bsky.social · 28/03/2026
My colleague, Felipe, always knocks it out if the park. So nice to see his work highlighted on Solum’s blog.
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Jake Charles @jacobdcharles.bsky.social · 25/03/2026
Birthright citizenship is not my lane, but I sometimes get this critique re legitimation when I write about the Second Amendment. It seems to me—among other things—to ignore the reality that legal arguments & historical analysis can often *themselves* significantly affect the “political dynamics”.
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Dorothy Brown @dorothyabrown.bsky.social · 20/03/2026
I have a Substack: profdabrown.substack.com My handle is @profdabrown My most recent post is "American Vampires" which ties Sinners to my new book Getting to Reparations: How Building A Different America Requires A Reckoning With Our Past (Crown 2026) profdabrown.substack.com/p/american-v...
profdabrown.substack.com
Dorothy Brown | Substack
Born and raised in the South Bronx. Law professor who researches and writes about race, wealth, tax policy and current events. Click to read Dorothy Brown on Substack. Launched a month ago.
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Kevin Tobia @kevintobia.bsky.social · 14/03/2026
This is such a fascinating empirical study of the use of sister circuit precedent (across 800 cases!)
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Jonathan Gienapp @jgienapp.bsky.social · 12/03/2026
New symposium on my book is out in the Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities! It features essays by an extraordinary group of scholars from across Law and History followed by my response. yaleconnect.yale.edu/yjlh/yjlh-is...
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Lawrence Solum @lsolum.bsky.social · 11/03/2026
Griffin on Peer Precedent and the Federal Appellate Courts Amy J. Griffin (Georgetown University Law Center) has posted Peer Precedent: How Sister Circuits Shape Federal Appellate Decision-Making on SSRN. Here is the abstract: When federal appellate courts face issues of first impression, they…
legaltheoryblog.com
Griffin on Peer Precedent and the Federal Appellate Courts
Amy J. Griffin (Georgetown University Law Center) has posted Peer Precedent: How Sister Circuits Shape Federal Appellate Decision-Making on SSRN. Here is the abstract: When federal appellate courts face issues of first impression, they attribute great weight to sister circuit precedent, even though they don’t have to. This Article provides the first full empirical and theoretical account of how and why courts use sister circuit decisions—peer precedent—in the absence of binding authority.
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Izabela Skoczeń @izaskoczen.bsky.social · 04/03/2026
juris.jotwell.com/what-is-real-law/ Check out my review of the awesome paper by @lawstuff.bsky.social & @almeida2808.bsky.social, “Lawful, But Not Really: The Dual Character of the Concept of Law”. I am honored to be a contributing editor of JOTWELL, edited by profs. B Bix, K Himma and M Froomkin!
juris.jotwell.com
What is Real Law? - Jurisprudence
Brian Flanagan & Guilherme de Almeida, Lawful, But Not Really: The Dual Character of the Concept of Law, 43 L. & Phil. 507 (2024).Izabela SkoczenIn the article, Lawful, But Not Really: The Dual Charac...
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James (Jamie) Macleod @jammacleod1.bsky.social · 02/03/2026
Beloved colleague Larry Solan died two years ago today Thankfully we were able to hold a symposium in his honor a few months before Check out amazing contributions from: -B. Eskridge -A. Gluck & L. Robbins -A. Krishnakumar -N. Steitz, B. Slocum, @kevintobia.bsky.social - @lsolum.bsky.social Link
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