Our findings suggests that the TND provides reliable estimates of TCV effectiveness, whereas the cohort design can bias vaccine effectiveness estimates, possibly due to unmeasured confounding effects,...

Despite malaria control efforts, cerebral malaria remains the most common cause of febrile coma in Malawi. However, non-malarial coma causes a greater disease burden (death and disability), and a high...

AbstractIntroductionAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a major global health threat, driven in part by the inappropriate use of antibiotics including in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Improving the quality of antibiotic use is a key rationale for the development of the WHO’s AWaRe (Access, Watch and Reserve) system. There is a need to review the uptake of the AWaRe system since its launch to guide future practice.MethodsA literature search was conducted between 2017, the launch of AWaRe, and 2024. Inclusion criteria were studies that reported on antibiotic use in LMICs using the AWaRe system.ResultsEighty-five studies were included in the review, of which 56.4% focused on antibiotic use trends, with 28.2% reporting on prescribing patterns; 51.7% of the studies included inpatients. Only 14.1% of studies reported meeting the 2024 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) AMR recommended target of at least 70% of human antibiotic use being Access antibiotics, with a concerning trend of overuse of Watch antibiotics (68.2% of studies). Dispensing practices revealed significant dispensing of antibiotics without prescriptions especially in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Watch antibiotics were more available but also more expensive than Access antibiotics.ConclusionsEncouragingly, many LMICs are now reporting antibiotic use via the AWaRe system, including in antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs). Wide variation exists in the proportion of AWaRe antibiotics used across LMICs, with overuse of Watch antibiotics. There is an urgent need for targeted AWaRe-based ASPs in LMICs to meet recent UNGA recommendations. Improving the use, availability and affordability of Access antibiotics is essential to combat AMR.

African nation relies on US and other foreign donors to help fund healthcare projects and schools

npj Vaccines - A systematised review and evidence synthesis on the broader societal impact of vaccines against Salmonella

Climate change is having unprecedented impacts on human health, including increasing infectious disease risk. Despite this, health systems across the world are currently not prepared for novel disease...

This Correspondence examines a complex case of an immunocompromised patient at an mpox treatment centre in South Kivu, DR Congo, highlighting the shortcomings of outbreak-focused care models and their...

In this work, authors show that randomized water, sanitation, hygiene and nutrition interventions reduced child antibiotic use in Bangladesh (in parallel with high intervention uptake and reduced infe...

This cohort study examines whether early-life infection burden is associated with a later risk of infection and systemic antibiotic treatment episodes in childhood.

Pulendran and colleagues define a molecular signature that can be used to predict the durability of antibody responses to vaccination and reveal important insights into the mechanisms by which vaccine...

Since 1974 substantial gains in childhood survival have occurred in every global region. We estimate that EPI has provided the single greatest contribution to improved infant survival over the past 50 years. In the context of strengthening primary health care, our results show that equitable universal access to immunisation remains crucial to sustain health gains and continue to save future lives from preventable infectious mortality.

We show serologic evidence of prior exposure to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus among humans in northern Tanzania. Similar to other settings, our results suggest that exposure is closely linked ...

Residents of properties in Brockley advised to boil water until results of tests by Thames Water are returned

Nine countries eliminated a disease in 2024. Here's how Pakistan pulled it off — fulfilling a young boy's dream of eliminating blindness caused by bacterial infections.

People who inject drugs (PWID) have high rates of blood stream infections (BSI) with Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and group A streptococcus (GAS). Little is known about health related quality of life outcomes after BSI.

AbstractBackground. Despite a high burden of sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa, clinical data for adolescent and adult sepsis in this setting are limited. We so

Objective To quantify changes in inequalities in uptake of childhood vaccination during a period of steadily declining overall childhood vaccination rates in England. Design Longitudinal study. Sett...

Ultra-portable, AI driven x-rays have been used to find undiagnosed TB, as miners inhaling soot in Victorian-era conditions are at high risk

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans...

We read with interest the excellent review on the characteristics of imported rickettsial infections to the United Kingdom, published in JOI on 15/03/2023.1 The authors made many valuable insights, including the finding that whilst most cases of spotted fever in this retrospective cohort were treated as outpatients, patients from the typhus group were deemed to be the “sickest” group of rickettsial patients, with a higher rate of inpatient admission (59%), ITU admission (21%) and at least one reported death (accepting outcomes were not routinely documented in the Rare and Imported Pathogen Laboratory (RIPL)).

Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S. Typhi) invasion from the gut lumen. Transmission between people occurs through ingestion of contaminated food and...

The Antimicrobial Resistance - Genomes, Big Data and Emerging Technologies Conference explored key topics including measuring the burden of AMR, global public health pathogen genomics infrastructure a...

Malawi introduced typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in 2023 through an integrated campaign delivering TCV alongside other vaccines and interventions (me…

An unknown disease killed 143 people in Democratic Republic of the Congo's southwestern province in November, local authorities told Reuters.

Kidney transplantation from donors with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to recipients with HIV is an emerging practice. It has been performed since 2016 under the U.S. congressional HIV Organ Po...

Here, Lee and Song describe missense mutations in the viaB locus in clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi that result in hypo- and hyper-virulent phenotypes due to changes in the capsule.

Inadequate waste management and poor sanitation practices in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) leads to waste accumulation in urban and peri-ur…

Author summary Our study addresses the pressing issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella Typhi, which severely limits treatment options for typhoid fever. Globally, it also raises concern...

With climate change, exposure to floods has increased and is linked to adverse health outcomes, such as injuries, diseases, and mental health harms, all of which are greater in vulnerable populations.

In this Review, Giorgio and Helaine provide an overview of the physiology of antibiotic-recalcitrant Salmonella enterica during infection, discuss recent insights into the clinical implications of ant...

We found significant variation in vaccine response between urban and rural settings but could not confirm a causal role for schistosome or malaria exposure. Other exposures require consideration.

Scientists are racing to understand what a hospitalized teen’s case of bird flu may mean for future outbreaks

Cholera remains a significant public health burden in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, though the exact mechanisms of bacterial emergence and spread remain largely undefined. We generated genomic...

Scrub Typhus Outbreak among Soldiers, Australia

Digital health technology (DHT) describes tools and devices that generate or process health data. The application of DHTs could improve the diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of bacterial infectio...

In this work, authors compare IgG and IgA antibody profiles to multiple antigens induced by vaccination, or from infection, identifying antigen combinations which could be responsible for protection i...

Scientific Data - A global dataset of 7 billion individuals with socio-economic characteristics

Objectives To describe the development, validation and reliability of the Oxford Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (OVHS), a new instrument to assess vaccine hesitancy in the general population. Design Cross-s...

An effective, affordable, multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine is needed to prevent epidemic meningitis in the African meningitis belt. Data on the safety and immunogenicity of NmCV-5, a pen...