iiinova — where your digital self keeps evolving

Reposted by Carlos A. Sánchez León

La Enzima Inquieta 🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍⚧️ @viajandoconciencia.bsky.social · 04/10/2026

Llegan las lluvias y es posible que veáis muchos de estos simpáticos milpiés. Si los veis en casa o en garajes sacadlos porque mueren por falta de humedad y alimento, son muy buenos ayudantes en compostadores. Si tenéis un compostador añadidlos para acelerar el proceso. Son buenos en jardines

Milpiés gris, su cuerpo está dividido en muchas secciones y tiene una cabeza con antenas. Si se les molesta se hacen una rosquilla para protegerse. Son muy buenos convirtiendo residuos orgánicos en compost para las plantas

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Reposted by Carlos A. Sánchez León

Julio Lleonart @juliolleonart.com · 02/10/2026

Con nombres y apellidos, partido al que pertenecen, qué votaron y cuántas viviendas e inmuebles tienen según las declaraciones de bienes y rentas publicadas en la web del Congreso. Nombres para la infamia.

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

Huge thanks to my co-authors and the amazing team at UCLA! (porteralab.dgsom.ucla.edu) Thanks for reading, and remember: Dale a tu cuerpo alegría _____! 🙌 Read the full preprint here: doi.org/10.64898/202... 📄

porteralab.dgsom.ucla.edu

Portera-Cailliau Research Lab

The Portera-Cailliau Lab studies neurodevelopmental disorders, using circuit neuroscience to identify therapies for autism and intellectual disability.

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

Our findings show that internal expectations act as a subtractive template, dynamically raising or lowering this "waterline" so prediction errors directly expand or shrink the active population representation 🌊! 24/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

Finally, we reconcile classical sensory coding with predictive processing! Under the classical "iceberg model" 🧊, only a sparse subset of neurons fire above an inhibitory threshold to represent a specific stimulus feature. 23/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

Not only that, when we used omissions of an expected stimulus as “catch” trials, pPE and nPE PFC axons behave as the prediction sent back to S1 to calculate the prediction error 🎯. 22/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

Unlike L2/3, PFC feedback modulation scales directly with prediction strength (model certainty/precision). The stronger the expectation built over repetitions, the stronger the PFC modulation. 21/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

What about the rest of the circuit? Layer 4 sensory neurons and thalamic POm axons act as generalist unsigned novelty detectors 🚨 (firing for any surprise). But top-down inputs from Prefrontal Cortex (M2) bring back the full signed, bidirectional PE signal! 20/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

And what about complete omissions (like that silent pause in a song where you sing in your head 🤫)? When an expected stimulus is omitted, nPE neurons significantly increase firing! A phenomenon hard to explain by passive sensory processing. 19/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

We confirmed this quantitatively across a full range of 5 stimulus amplitudes and qualitative across direction mismatches ↔️. 18/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

Interestingly, despite opposite modulations, pPE and nPE neurons show strong activity correlations under the same predictability context. This suggests a shared predictive input driving both groups to signal positive/negative deviations from a single predictive template 🧬. 17/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

Even when the sensory input stays identical, simply tweaking the expectation (larger vs. smaller) flips the response of these neurons 🔄. They act like a dynamic dial, stepping up or down based on the sign and magnitude of the prediction error. 16/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

BUT surprisingly, they also do the opposite math: pPEs decreased their activity for smaller stimuli, and nPEs decreased it for larger ones! 15/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

As predicted by theory, pPE neurons increase firing when a stimulus is larger than expected (S > P), while nPE neurons fire more when it's smaller (P > S). 14/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

That’s the population average, but zooming in on individual PE neurons is where it gets spicy! PE neurons come in two distinct flavors: positive (pPE) and negative (nPE) neurons. 13/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

We even confirmed this for the exact same D4 stimulus when it was smaller than expected (after R8) vs. larger than expected (after R2). 12/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

Crucially, this isn't just a generic "surprise!" signal—it's a bidirectional modulation reflecting excess excitation (D8) or excess inhibition (D4) during mismatch! 11/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

When smaller than expected (D4), neuronal activity decreased. 10/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

This allowed us to test the exact same physical stimulus under 3 levels of expectation! When a stimulus was larger than expected (D8), neuronal activity was higher than in neutral (C8) or expected contexts (R8). 9/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

We tested mice under 3 predictability contexts: 1️⃣ Oddball 1: a whisker deflection of Amplitude 4 repetitively applied (R4), unexpectedly interrupted by an Amplitude 8 deviant (D8 at 10%) 2️⃣Oddball 2: Amp 8 repetitive (R8), Amp 4 deviant (D4) 3️⃣Control: Random amplitudes 8/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

It was known that excitatory L2/3 pyramidal neurons encode tactile features (whisker deflection amplitude, direction, frequency...) of sensory stimuli. But to see how they encode expectations we needed to get creative. 7/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

In our new preprint (www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...), we empirically test these hypotheses in mouse somatosensory cortex (S1) and uncover a key neurobiological mechanism: prediction error (PE) neurons that compute the exact arithmetic difference between expectations and reality 🐭. 6/24

biorxiv.org

Cortical circuit implementation of signed deviant detection with positive and negative prediction error neurons

Predicting future events is fundamental for animals to adaptively interact with their environment, but whether and how the cerebral cortex processes predictive information remains an unresolved questi...

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

At the neural level, this means the brain tries to predict—and actively cancel out—expected inputs. A predictable melody gets cancelled out. But any deviation (mismatch) gets amplified, firing an error signal to update our internal model and make better predictions 🎵⚡️. 5/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

BUT modern neuroscience points to active Predictive Processing: your brain isn't just passively taking in sensory inputs; it's a dynamic prediction machine constantly guessing what's next based on an internal world model 🧠. 4/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

… and higher-order areas receive all this information to represent complex concepts— for example, particular faces like the "Jennifer Aniston neuron" 👩🏼. 3/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

For a long time, perception was seen as a passive hierarchy: primary sensory areas receive the sensory information and process basic features (like edges), secondary areas receive this information and process more elaborated features, like shapes… 2/24

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Carlos A. Sánchez León @carlosasleon.bsky.social · 13/09/2026

PREPRINT 🚨 You know that feeling when you're jamming out to your favorite song (say, La Macarena 💃) and suddenly it skips, or a completely random remix drops out of nowhere? That everyday surprise tells us something profound about how our brain works! 1/24

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Reposted by Carlos A. Sánchez León

Mayor Zohran Kwame Mamdani @mayor.nyc.gov · 22/07/2026

Benjamin Netanyahu is a war criminal.

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Reposted by Carlos A. Sánchez León

Edu Moreno @edumnavarro.bsky.social · 22/05/2026

Por si no lo conocéis aún, pasaos por nuestro humilde podcast, @elabrazodeloso.bsky.social. Un trabajo que llevamos muchos años haciendo para divulgar cultura comprometida y de forma totalmente independiente. La curiosidad que nos une. go.ivoox.com/sq/3737

go.ivoox.com

El Abrazo del Oso Podcast - Podcast en iVoox

Escucha El Abrazo del Oso Podcast gratis en iVoox. Historia, ciencia, divulgación... comunicando para mentes inquietas. Desde 1996.

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Reposted by Carlos A. Sánchez León

El Aprenditivo - Sorbitos de cultura @elaprenditivo.bsky.social · 01/05/2026

En @elaprenditivo.bsky.social hablamos de neolengua, un concepto que ya aparecía a menudo en las distopías de ciencia ficción y que está muy presente en nuestras vidas. ¿Lo has escuchado ya? elaprenditivo.com/podcast/neol... #ElAprenditivo #Podcast #SorbitosdeCultura #ElAbrazodelOsoProducciones

elaprenditivo.com

Neolengua: desinstalando tu pensamiento crítico - El Aprenditivo - Podcast

Hoy en nuestro podcast hablamos de neolengua

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Reposted by Carlos A. Sánchez León

La Enzima Inquieta 🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍⚧️ @viajandoconciencia.bsky.social · 16/02/2026

Este sábado 21 a las 10:30 estaremos en la plaza del ayuntamiento de Toledo en la concentración "El valle no se vende, el valle se defiende" Quieren convertir la naturaleza que rodea Toledo en un parque temático destruyendo las especies que ahí habitan, algunas protegidas ¿Lo vas a permitir?

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Castuolízate @castuolizate.bsky.social · 15/01/2026

Estremaúra n’iviernu. Dehesa, una tardi de jeneru. 📷daviddcoba

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Sam Gershman @gershbrain.bsky.social · 09/01/2026

With some trepidation, I'm putting this out into the world: gershmanlab.com/textbook.html It's a textbook called Computational Foundations of Cognitive Neuroscience, which I wrote for my class. My hope is that this will be a living document, continuously improved as I get feedback.

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Reposted by Carlos A. Sánchez León

Javier Peláez @irreductible.bsky.social · 11/12/2025

Las anclas no funcionan como crees... www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw4E...

youtube.com

las anclas no funcionan como crees

YouTube video by aqurate-es

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El Aprenditivo - Sorbitos de cultura @elaprenditivo.bsky.social · 04/12/2025

Hoy os contamos en nuestro podcast algunas curiosidades sobre la vida pirata, que dicen que es la vida mejor. Eso no lo tenemos tan claro, pero sí que lo vamos a pasar bien navegando los siete mares. Escúchalo ya en todas las plataformas de podcast, en Youtube o en nuestra web. www.elaprenditivo.com

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El Aprenditivo - Sorbitos de cultura @elaprenditivo.bsky.social · 13/11/2025

¿Sabes cuál es el origen del alfabeto que usamos hoy día? Un invento alucinante para el que tenemos que ir hasta el desierto del Sinaí para encontrarlo. Escúchalo completo en nuestro podcast: open.spotify.com/show/05xIjOr...

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El Aprenditivo - Sorbitos de cultura @elaprenditivo.bsky.social · 31/10/2025

El mejor momento para verlo o escucharlo. Feliz y terrorífica noche de #Halloween. youtu.be/jxct9DU1LOw?...

youtu.be

La Santa Compaña: stranger things en la Galicia profunda

YouTube video by El Aprenditivo

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El Aprenditivo - Sorbitos de cultura @elaprenditivo.bsky.social · 09/10/2025

Volvemos con nuestro diario. Hoy os dejamos solamente un regalo visual. Os presentamos las versiones alternativas verdes de nuestra imagen. Verde oliva, claro. ¿A que son geniales?

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Castuolízate @castuolizate.bsky.social · 05/08/2025

📜 Hace hoy 142 años, Badajoz amanecía tomada por militares republicanos. Un pronunciamiento olvidado intentó restaurar la República desde el corazón extremeño. Aquí va la historia de una ciudad sitiada por ideales. 🧵Hilo🧵

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Pedro Vallín @pvallin.bsky.social · 08/07/2025

El mejor lugar del mundo en el mejor momento de su historia. Saldrá en todas las portadas.

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Javier Márquez Ruiz @translationalbrainstim.com · 30/06/2025

🧵1/ 🚨 New preprint out! We investigated how cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (Cb-tDCS) modulates sensory processing both locally in Crus I/II and distally in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in awake mice. 📄 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...

biorxiv.org

Cerebellar tDCS differentially modulates sensory inputs in somatosensory cortex and cerebellum

Cerebellar transcranial direct-current stimulation (Cb-tDCS) is a promising tool for non-invasive modulation of cerebellar activity and has been proposed for the treatment of cerebellum-related disord...

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Conchi Lillo @conchilillo.bsky.social · 29/06/2025

Como hay gente que cree que es un truco o que os os estoy engañando, aquí tenéis un frame del vídeo. Mide las rayas de colores, de un extremo a otro (sin tener en cuenta las puntas de flecha). Cualquiera de ellas. Son todas iguales, compruébalo

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bioRxiv Neuroscience @biorxiv-neursci.bsky.social · 29/06/2025

Dynamic recruitment of PV interneurons in the somatosensory cortex induced by experience dependent plasticity www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202…

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Dan Goodman @neural-reckoning.org · 22/05/2025

Very happy to see this message that science publishers are not only a waste of money, but are actually distorting the scientific process itself, slowing down progress. This has been the key argument for me for a while. The waste of resources is bad, but the distortion of science is unforgivable.

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