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#### **Key points******
* Paleontologists working in a cave on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola have discovered the first known instance of ancient bees nesting inside preexisting fossil cavities.
* Burrowing bees generally prefer to make their nests out in the open. There is only one other documented instance of burrowing bees making their nests inside caves. In this case, the likely cause for the aberrant behavior is a lack of topsoil outside the cave and an abundance of accumulated silt within.
* Many of the fossils were likely transported to the cave by giant barn owls. Evidence, including owl bones and eggshells, suggest these extinct owls lived in the cave through many successive generations, as did the bees.
A giant barn owl, a type of rodent called a hutia, and a burrowing bee flew into a cave. Only two of them came back out. Which is the one that stayed inside? Hint: It’s the one that can’t fly.
This scene likely took place thousands of years ago on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. The owl invited the hutia to dinner with its family and courteously gave it a lift to its cave. Unfortunately for the hutia, there was only one item on the menu, and the owl had just delivered it to its hungry chicks. The bee arrived much later, long after the meal was over and what was left of the hutia had been scattered across the cave and interred.
The bee was looking for a place to make its nest and began digging a tunnel through the fine clayey silt that had accumulated toward the dark recesses of the cave’s interior. Before it dug down to its preferred depth, the bee ran into the ancient leftovers of the owl’s meal.
This turned out to be a good thing for the bee, because the hutia’s teeth just so happened to have similar dimensions to the nest it wanted to build. The teeth were gone, likely buried in other parts of the cave, but the indentations in the jaw — called alveoli — that once cradled them were still intact and conveniently vacant.
The rest is history. A swarm of such bees made their nests in the cave’s fossils for an unknown length of time. Later, that history was carefully excavated by paleontologists many thousands of years after the owl, hutia and potentially the bee had gone extinct.
Burrowing bees struck bone in a Hispaniolan cave and laid their nests inside of fossil cavities.
Illustration by Jorge Machuky
The story might have ended there, had it not been for a keen eye and a friendly competition between colleagues.
“Usually, when collecting fossils, you get all the sediment out of the alveoli while cleaning the specimen,” said Lazaro Viñola Lopez, who excavated the fossils while working as a doctoral student at the Florida Museum of Natural History.
But Viñola Lopez was particularly interested in this species of hutia, for which fossils were incredibly rare across the island, consisting of a few isolated teeth and partial mandibles. In this single cave in the southern Dominican Republic, called the Cueva de Mono, he found thousands of hutia fossils, most belonging to the same, previously rare, species.
Apparently, the giant barn owls that lived in the cave had repeated the same dinner scene throughout multiple generations, slowly turning the cave into a charnel house. In other instances, the birds likely consumed their prey while hunting, in which cases the bones would have been condensed into a pellet that the owls later regurgitated in the cave.
Instead of mindlessly placing the fossil in a bag bound for the lab and a thorough cleaning, Viñola Lopez took his time to inspect it before putting it away. He noticed that one alveolus had a smooth inner lining, unlike the rest, which had the rough texture of bone.
“I’d seen something similar in Montana when I was collecting dinosaur fossils in 2014,” he said. At the time, he and his colleagues kept finding isolated wasp cocoons interspersed with the bones in the rocky matrix. He assumed what he found in the cave was more of the same. He recalls thinking that “it would be nice to write a short paper reporting the occurrence of these wasp nests in the mandibles.”
Viñola Lopez proposed the idea to his colleague Mitchell Riegler, also a doctoral student at the museum and present for the excavation. Riegler, who studied extinct lizards and had a dissertation to finish, was skeptical. “I was like, Lazaro, that’s a niche project, and I have a lot of other things to do.”
So, for a time, the idea was shelved along with the specimens. Until, that is, Riegler received a challenge from his former undergraduate adviser at the University of Texas at Austin.
“He and I played this game back and forth in which we tried to write a paper in a week.”
Riegler had lost the first round and was itching for a rematch. The wasp nests, he thought, might just be the thing he needed to win.
“I told Lazaro we could do it only because I thought it’d be fast,” he said. “We’d scan them, describe their shape and say that they were there. Boy, was I wrong.”
Things initially went well. Selby Olson, another doctoral student at the museum, also signed on to the project. “We locked ourselves in Lazaro’s apartment for five straight days and didn’t stop writing,” Riegler said. “Each of us sat in a corner and wrote a section, then swapped.”
They emerged feeling confident they’d win. Later, Viñola Lopez and Riegler independently came across the same study on ichnofossils, a term used to describe indirect fossil evidence of an organism, such as a footprint, preserved poop or — in this case — nests. The study contained a description of wasp nests, which they realized differed from theirs in one key regard.
Wasp nests are made from a mix of saliva and chewed plant fibers or dirt, which gives the interior and exterior walls a rough texture. But bees are more fastidious. After constructing the nest out of compacted soil, many will secrete a waxy substance from a specialized gland, which they use to generously coat the inside of the nest, making it waterproof. This also makes the inside of their nests look smooth, precisely like the ones they’d found in the hutia mandibles.
They’d written about the wrong insects.
Social bees, like the western honey bee (_Apis mellifera_) depicted here, create complex, three-dimensional nests in which they store copious honey reserves. But this behavior is representative of only about 10% of bees. The rest burrow tunnels into the ground and create nests either communally or individually.
Burrowing bees provision each individual nest with a packet of nutritious pollen and nectar, which the larvae will eat after hatching.
This wasn’t necessarily a fatal blow to their now tenuous victory. It wouldn’t take much work to swap out the information they’d included on wasps with that of bees, and they still had a little time left. But now things were getting interesting.
There is only one other documented case of a burrowing bee nesting inside a cave, and there are no documented cases at all of bees making their nests in a preexisting fossil structure. A study published in 2008 gives a macabre report of human bones from an ancient Roman necropolis that bees drilled holes into, but bees nesting inside fossils without altering them was something new.
They conceded the race and adopted a more measured approach. They consulted with scientists who study modern bees and consigned themselves to a yearlong dive into literature on entomology. Viñola Lopez traveled back to the cave to study its stratigraphy. At some point along the way, someone decided they wanted to build a house nearby and turn the cave into a septic tank. Given that the person who wanted to build on the land didn’t actually own it, their plans were ultimately thwarted, but the paleontologists didn’t take any chances while the cave’s fate was in limbo.
“We had to go on a rescue mission and get as many fossils out as possible, and we got a lot of them,” Viñola Lopez said.
Now, with the final publication of the expanded paper, their hard work has arguably paid off. It features a rich account of the cave’s natural history and stratigraphy and descriptions of two other fossil types in which the bees made their nests.
Hutia alveoli proved to be just the right size for the nests of burrowing bees.
In some cases, the researchers found that multiple nests had been constructed in the same alveolus, as shown in this CT scan.
In one instance, a nest was found inside the pulp cavity of a sloth tooth. Tree sloths were once common in parts of the Caribbean, but they went extinct following the arrival of humans. Another nest was found in the cavity of a hutia vertebra, though which its spinal cord would have passed when it was alive.
CT scans of the cave specimens showed that — in some cases — they’d actually gotten multiple nests for the price of one. Rather than having to make a new tunnel every time they need to lay eggs, some burrowing bees will craw down into existing burrows to see if their tenants have hatched or not. If empty, the bee may decide to place a new nest in the same spot.
The unlucky hutia that dropped by for dinner had a total of six nests in one alveolus, cupped inside each other like Russian dolls.
The study also contains a plausible explanation for why the bees bucked tradition and made nests inside a cave rather than somewhere out in the open, which Riegler learned about firsthand. “The area we were collecting in is karst, so it’s made of sharp, edgy limestone, and it’s lost all of its natural soils,” he said. “I actually fell on it at one point, so I can tell you all about it.”
The soils that do manage to build up over time are periodically washed into the thousands of caves that dot the island, where they accumulate and provide some of the only suitable habitat for burrowing bees in that region.
The authors are currently working on several other fossils retrieved from the cave that will be described in future studies published at a more leisurely pace.
* * *
The authors published their findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society Open Science.
Johanset Orihuela, Julio Genaro of the Florida State Collection of Arthopods, and América Sánchez-Rosario of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural are also coauthors of the study.
Funds for the study came from a Florida Museum of Natural History graduate student travel award.
* * *
Sources: Lazaro Viñola Lopez, lvinolalopez@ufl.edu;
Mitchell Riegler, msr2322@ufl.edu
Writer: Jerald Pinson, jpinson@floridamuseum.ufl.edu, 352-294-0452
