Abstract. Antigenic variation allows pathogens to evade mammalian adaptive immunity through the continuous change in exposed antigens. In African trypanoso

Antigenic variation is a very widespread process for pathogen evasion of mammalian adaptive immunity, involving the continuous change of exposed antigens. In many single-celled pathogens, antigen expr...

Trypanosoma brucei exploits an extreme form of antigenic variation to escape the mammalian immune response. This involves the progressive expression of antigenically distinct variant surface glycoprot...

An in vitro toolkit for studying VSG diversification defines key molecular requirements underlying the formation of mosaic VSGs, providing an experimental framework for the exploration of antigen diversification in Trypanosoma brucei and in other pathogenic microorganisms.