All kingdoms of life have developed strategies to limit viral infection. In humans, interferons induce a suite of antiviral factors that collectively provide immunity. Some human immune genes are homo...

Growth dynamics are fundamental characteristics of microorganisms. Quantifying growth precisely is an important goal in microbiology. Growth dynamics are affected both by the doubling time of the microorganism and by any delay in growth upon ...

The concept of DNA transfer between bacteria was put forth by Griffith in 1928. During the dawn of molecular cloning of DNA in the 1980s, Hanahan described how the transformation of DNA plasmids into ...