Four paying users of ChatGPT, Claude, Grok and Gemini say the frontier labs illegally fixed the pace of AI in public. Under Article 101 TFEU most of the answer is already written. It runs against the labs on three steps out of four.

I coded all 366 rules of the EU's new Innovation Act. It would be the first digital instrument to exclude a firm for who owns it. Four exhibits below.

Antitrust agencies are increasingly interested in generative AI. This can be good news. As Sandy Pentland and I wrote last year (here), the competitive dynamics in this space can be supported by a careful antitrust agenda. While the AI Act should be improved if the EU wants innovation to flourish (see this article), enforcement actions […]

The General Court says a merger may be blocked for sustaining a weak market, in two sentences no EU court had written before. The fence around them is narrow, and the appeal is open.

273 scope rules across 34 acts. As a result, twenty of these acts reach firms with no establishment in the Union, and the fastest-growing clause conscripts a foreigner’s representative.

1,400 definitions across 34 regulations. I audited the consistency of them all.