figure 4

While some viewed photography as a competitor for their customers, Dutch portrait painters reaped the benefits of the emerging medium.

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Alt: Fozzie Bear at a microphone, mouth wide open and arms spread, looking back and forth at an audience after telling a great joke nobody is laughing at.

Alt: Fozzie Bear at a microphone, mouth wide open and arms spread, looking back and forth at an audience after telling a great joke nobody is laughing at.

Alt: Fozzie Bear at a microphone, mouth wide open and arms spread, looking back and forth at an audience after telling a great joke nobody is laughing at.

Alt: Fozzie Bear at a microphone, mouth wide open and arms spread, looking back and forth at an audience after telling a great joke nobody is laughing at.

Alt: Fozzie Bear at a microphone, mouth wide open and arms spread, looking back and forth at an audience after telling a great joke nobody is laughing at.

Alt: Fozzie Bear at a microphone, mouth wide open and arms spread, looking back and forth at an audience after telling a great joke nobody is laughing at.

Alt: Nelson Muntz from The Simpsons, pointing and derisively laughing, “Ha ha!”