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Benjamin Kay

@benjaminkay.bsky.social
401 followers 230 following 74 posts

Neuroscientist, statistician, programmer, and dad in St. Louis, Missouri

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Reposted by Benjamin Kay
Scott Marek @smarek0502.bsky.social · 11/06/2026
What matters most for childhood brain organization? We analyzed 649 variables. The answer: Socioeconomics (SES); with brain patterns pointing at sleep & stress as drivers. Even brain-IQ associations were better explained by SES. In Science today: www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 11/06/2026
It absolutely blows my mind that socioeconomics explains more variation in childhood brain organization than IQ. I still wouldn't believe it if @smarek0502.bsky.social hadn't put it on the brain. I hope policymakers will read the paper in Science or at least on @npr.org! www.npr.org/2026/06/11/n...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 11/06/2026
I know, like others have said, this seems obvious... but seeing it on the brain is believing it! The full paper by @smarek0502.bsky.social is in Science. Let's hope some policymakers read it... www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
science.org
Patterns of brain-wide associations reflect socioeconomics
Previous brain-wide association studies (BWAS) have linked specific environmental and behavioral variables to brain variability. In this work, we mapped 649 variables to children’s brains and compared...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 23/04/2026
This is a super cool conceptual bridge between systems-level network organization and cytoarchitectonics! I'm sure it also was not easy to get the kind of high-quality data needed to generate these high-resolution individual-specific brain maps!
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 13/03/2026
As someone who has a hard time remembering my phone number, let alone 10k digits of pi, I am in awe of these memory champions who make it look easy -- but how do they do it!? 😵‍💫 @roselynechauvin.bsky.social explains it in pictures. See how their brains are wired differently! doi.org/10.64898/202...
biorxiv.org
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 12/02/2026
@jcooperman.bsky.social proves essay writing is *not* a lost art in her engaging, in-depth write-up of our latest research on stimulant drugs. I highly recommend her journalism, and you can find the science published in the journal Cell. commonreader.wustl.edu/adhd-and-rit... doi.org/10.1016/j.ce...
commonreader.wustl.edu
Ritalin Works-But Not the Way We Thought - Common Reader
ADHD, sleep deprivation, amphetamines and the truth of why they work
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 10/02/2026
More excellent reporting by NPR's Jon Hamilton about a new brain network that explains symptoms of Parkinson's that have befuddled brain researchers for decades. Kudos to @jianxunren.bsky.social and Hesheng Liu for this groundbreaking research in the journal Nature! doi.org/10.1038/s415...
doi.org
Parkinson’s disease as a somato-cognitive action network disorder - Nature
The substantia nigra and all Parkinson’s disease deep-brain stimulation targets are selectively connected to the somato-cognitive action network rather than to effector-specific motor regions.
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Reposted by Benjamin Kay
WashU Medicine Knight ADRC @washumedadrc.bsky.social · 06/02/2026
Brain network responsible for Parkinson’s disease identified
source.washu.edu
Brain network responsible for Parkinson’s disease identified
A brain network first identified by Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine researchers, called SCAN, is shown in a new study to be the neurological basis for Parkinson’s disease. Patients receiving treatments targeted to this brain region, rather than to surrounding areas, experienced greater improvements in symptoms.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 06/02/2026
This is exactly the kind of high-quality science we love at Washington University in St. Louis, but credit for this amazing paper goes to @jianxunren.bsky.social and Hesheng Liu's group of Peking University.
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Reposted by Benjamin Kay
Scientific American @sciam.bsky.social · 04/02/2026
Scientists just discovered a key brain network affected by Parkinson’s disease. The finding could change how doctors understand symptoms and lead to better treatments. 🧠 bit.ly/4qdpLMf
"Parkinson’s is not just a movement problem involving one body part. This study shows it is a whole-body brain network disorder that links movement, thinking, arousal and internal body control." —Michael Okun, neurologist at the University of Florida and medical director of the Parkinson’s Foundation
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Reposted by Benjamin Kay
Inc. Magazine @inc.com · 05/02/2026
A new study suggests Parkinson’s may stem from disruptions in a little-known brain network, reshaping how doctors think about the disease. trib.al/XFtsWKn
trib.al
A new study suggests Parkinson’s may stem from disruptions in a little-known brain network, reshaping how doctors think about the disease.
A new study suggests Parkinson’s may stem from disruptions in a little-known brain network, reshaping how doctors think about the disease.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 06/02/2026
Not to knock deep brain stimulation, but this is just wild that @jianxunren.bsky.social can treat Parkinson's symptoms without a drug or a brain surgery. So cool to see what you can do with precision functional mapping of individual brain networks! Be sure to read the paper: doi.org/10.1038/s415...
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Reposted by Benjamin Kay
Evan Gordon @gordonneuro.bsky.social · 05/02/2026
I’m very excited about this new work describing the specific cortical-striatal circuits that are altered in Parkinson’s Disease and that should be targeted for optimal PD treatment. www.nature.com/articles/s41...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 06/02/2026
Incredible work by @jianxunren.bsky.social placing the subcortical Parkinson's circuits into a cortical context using the somatocognitive action network, really changes how I think about PD! Excited to see SCAN stimulation already helping PD patients! Well worth a read: doi.org/10.1038/s415...
doi.org
Parkinson’s disease as a somato-cognitive action network disorder - Nature
The substantia nigra and all Parkinson’s disease deep-brain stimulation targets are selectively connected to the somato-cognitive action network rather than to effector-specific motor regions.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 31/12/2025
A great question! The pharmacology of modafinil is a little different from amphetamine-derived stimulants, but both seem to increase dopamine and norepinephrine. It would be interesting to do an fMRI study of modafinil to better understand its mechanism. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Modafinil
Modafinil is a non-amphetamine central nervous system stimulant with wakefulness-promoting properties. It is used in the treatment of conditions which cause excessive daytime sleepiness. In the United...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 27/12/2025
Child neurologist and lead author of the study here. For those bashing the NPR title, of course stimulants help children and adults with ADHD (or I wouldn't offer them to my patients)! Read the article, it's about how they increase motivation more than attentional capacity. doi.org/10.1016/j.ce...
doi.org
Redirecting
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 26/12/2025
We saw a significant ADHD x sleep interaction, which is fancy math speak for the ADHD brain needing more than just sleep. That being said, many of my ADHD patients also have disordered sleep and feel better if we address their sleep issues, stimulant or not.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 26/12/2025
That's right, but it's more than just semantic. Stimulants won't help with something you already find rewarding, unless they're covering up a sleep deficit.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 26/12/2025
Yes, I believe there's active interest in using methylphenidate to treat addiction. doi.org/10.3389/fpsy...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 25/12/2025
That's exactly right Maia! What's new here is that stimulant medications are doing primarily this, and not actually making people "smarter" or increasing their capacity to pay attention.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 25/12/2025
That's hard to say, since ADHD is a heterogenous disorder with more than one subtype. doi.org/10.3389/fnsy... But yes, it's increasingly clear that for some people diagnosed with ADHD, it's more a deficit of motivation to perform mundane actions than attentional ability. doi.org/10.1038/mp.2...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 25/12/2025
That's right, stimulants modulated the SAME brain networks in study participants with and without ADHD. HOWEVER, they appeared to improve cognition (e.g. school grades) only in participants who had ADHD or whose cognition was impaired by inadequate sleep.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 25/12/2025
Caffeine and stimulants don't have the same pharmacology, so I wouldn't necessarily expect them to make you feel the same way! That being said, there is actually good evidence that stimulants can indeed make you feel like you're doing great without actually making you great doi.org/10.1016/j.ne...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 25/12/2025
We did see the suggestion of increased FC between NAcc and frontostriatal reward regions in some of the precision participants, but not necessarily so with salience regions. So it's possible high-dose MTP gives the feeling of reward through NAcc while its effects on salience are cortically mediated.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 25/12/2025
The apparent lack of NAcc effect drove us nuts. We spent months trying to generate something publication quality. Decreased fMRI signal-to-noise in subcortex in the ABCD data was a limiting factor. I don't know that we were powered to say there isn't an affect of stimulants on NAcc.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 25/12/2025
Great observation, someone should do that experiment in humans! In the paper, we also wonder if stimulants make fMRI BOLD activation equal for large and small anticipated rewards in a monetary incentive delay task.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Appreciate the excellent (as usual) science reporting by NPR's Jon Hamilton highlighting our work showing stimulants affect arousal and reward, without directly affecting the brain's attention networks! www.npr.org/2025/12/24/n... Read the whole story in Cell doi.org/10.1016/j.ce...
npr.org
ADHD drugs work indirectly to improve attention
New research suggests that prescription stimulants for ADHD don't actually improve attention directly. They work on different pathways in the brain that support attention. .
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
It's a baseball analogy for when someone who isn't in the batting line-up substitutes in, e.g. for a batter with an injury. The pinch hitter might hit a home run, but the pathway for the brain to get there is different from the typical pathway.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Also see work by Ryan Raut and Catie Chang on brain patterns of arousal. (Why don't they have BlueSky accounts yet?)
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Oh @gordonneuro.bsky.social, if only someone would discover some kind of action-oriented network embedded within classical somatomotor cortex that controls sympathetic outflow and thus directly modulates arousal, upsetting decades of medical textbook homunculi... doi.org/10.1038/s415...
doi.org
A somato-cognitive action network alternates with effector regions in motor cortex - Nature
Functional MRI studies across ages show that the classic homunculus of the motor cortex in humans is in fact discontinuous, alternating with action control-linked regions termed the somato-cognitive ...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Thanks Leah, several of the authors take stimulants themselves, so we had fun with this one! Always nice when brain science can give us greater insight into ourselves. Would love to chat about it more!
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Yeah, we talk about the combination of arousal and reward being subjectively experienced as "motivation," kind of like you might drink coffee and have a candy bar to get started on your tax return.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Stimulants don't increase your capacity to pay attention, but they "pinch hit" for ADHD brains by making the mundane seem more interesting.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
💡 Pretty remarkable, right? But sleep is still super-important for brain health, just ask @jonykipnis.bsky.social! Stay tuned for more research on what happens if you override your sleep drive for too long...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Thanks @roberthermosillo.bsky.social, I'm looking forward to the upcoming work on stimulants coming out of your lab!
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
😂 As @smarek0502.bsky.social knows, arousal is one of the greatest sources of variability in fMRI resting-state connectivity. Looking forward to more pictures like these from his lab!
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Thanks to @shawnballard.bsky.social for this terrific synopsis of our latest work in @cellpress.bsky.social. The details of how stimulant medications like Ritalin work inside the brain will surprise you! doi.org/10.1016/j.ce...
doi.org
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Many thanks to @evgoldfarb.bsky.social for a great preview in Cell, be sure to check it out! doi.org/10.1016/j.ce... Thanks also to @ndosenbach.bsky.social, @drdamienfair.bsky.social, @tervoclemmensb.bsky.social, and many other outstanding scientists, I enjoyed working with you on this paper!
doi.org
Redirecting
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Stimulants also increased connectivity of salience network, which encodes anticipated reward, influencing motivation and task-switching. We hypothesize stimulants elevate the perceived salience of mundane tasks (e.g. schoolwork), facilitating motivation without directly acting on attention networks.
A brain map and connectivity matrix showing enriched stimulant-related differences in salience regions.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
The arousal-related differences in connectivity associated with stimulants were so strong that they completely negated brain differences related to not getting enough sleep!
The brain effects of not getting enough sleep (left) are negated by taking a stimulant medication (right).
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Wakefulness, or arousal, is associated with decreased connectivity in somatomotor networks – exactly the pattern we see in children taking stimulants. The stimulant pattern is highly similar to EEG- and physiologically-derived maps of arousal and concordant with norepinephrine density.
The pattern of stimulant-related connectivity was similar to that of arousal-related brain maps generated from EEG, respiratory variation, and norepinephrine (PET).
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
We were so surprised, we replicated our findings in a precision imaging drug trial of adults without ADHD taking an experimentally controlled dose of methylphenidate (thanks @realjoshsiegel.bsky.social). The stimulant brain maps from ABCD were highly correlated with our replication trial, p < 0.001.
Brain maps comparing stimulant-related differences in connectivity in the ABCD Study and in a replication trial with healthy adults. The maps are very similar, r = 0.32.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
I’ve been teaching medical students stimulants treat hyperactivity by “stimulating” the brain’s attention systems, but it turns out I was wrong. Stimulants mimicked the effects of getting more sleep and anticipated reward, not attention.
Maps showing brain regions whose connectivity is most affected by stimulants and by sleep duration. The maps are very similar, r = 0.58.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
We used Network Level Analysis @muriahwheelock.bsky.social to assess relative stimulant-related changes in attention, arousal, and reward networks. Attention was the least changed, arousal and reward the most. The effects on arousal were so great, stimulants negated the brain effects of drowsiness!
A diagram showing canonical brain networks and how they are affected by stimulants. Stimulants increase arousal and reward, but they don't act on attention networks. Stimulants negate the drowsiness-effect of reduced sleep on brain connectivity.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
Stimulants helped children with ADHD or poor sleep (ABCD n=11k) with cognitive tasks. They counter the effects of fatigue and elevate the perceived salience of goal-oriented actions, facilitating boring tasks without directly affecting capacity to pay attention. Illustration by @sonhita.bsky.social
A boy doing his homework. Stimulants help him by increasing his arousal and reward, not by changing his capacity for attention.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 24/12/2025
This is your brain on Ritalin. Got your attention? Stimulant medications like Ritalin (methylphenidate) do, but not in the way you might think. They don't act directly on the brain’s attention systems! Find out what's really happening in @cellpress.bsky.social. doi.org/10.1016/j.ce...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 07/10/2025
Check out some compelling and timely work by @nasiametoki.bsky.social on sex vs gender differences in the developing adolescent brain!
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 30/09/2025
Our methods are detailed in Nature Communications, and Matlab code for computing motion impact score is available on GitHub. Try it on your favorite brain-behavior association and let us know what you find! doi.org/10.1038/s414... github.com/DosenbachGre...
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 30/09/2025
The good news is that frame censoring does a fantastic job of reducing motion overestimation scores. That means if you motion censor your data after standard processing then you are much less likely to get spurious results due to motion.
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Benjamin Kay @benjaminkay.bsky.social · 30/09/2025
Over 40% of brain-behavior effects were likely overestimated due to motion. There was no correlation between a trait’s a priori correlation with motion and its motion overestimation score. Calculating the motion impact score was necessary to discover the problematic brain-behavior effects!
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