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Reposted by Patricia Ramos

Monica Bettencourt-Dias @monicabettencourt.bsky.social · 09/02/2026

Last days to apply this position in our group! Do join us in this great Institute @crg.eu, with great colleagues, and help shaping the science and culture of our lab!

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 26/11/2025

Thank you A. Perez-Ramos and P. Bovolenta for this great perspective on our article about Optic Cup morphogenesis @dev-journal.bsky.social !

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

Fantastic interaction with @carldmodes.bsky.social and @liormoneta.bsky.social , who did all the modelling. It was great to work in such an interchangeable setting between biology and physics, to lear about #ShapeProgramming and shed a little more light on how organs gain their 3D shape.

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

This work also had the great contributions of A. Szalapak, @louise-dagher.bsky.social and @the-chaotician.bsky.social . Special thanks also to @lcferme.bsky.social for the stardist model! And of course to Caren and all the @nordenlab.bsky.social

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

Finally, we disrupted apical patterned behaviors experimentally. The optic cup completely failed to start the invagination! (side note, the phenotype was so striking that I thought the microscope had crashed while imaging)

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

Our model became even cooler: we converted tissue segmentations into networks. Like this we could test the strain patterns in the REAL geometry of the tissue

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

But can the shape transitions at the apical surface be sufficient to drive basal surface invagination? Updating our model with basal surfaces: apical strain patterns alone are enough to initiate invagination—even if basal surfaces are passive

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

First, we needed to understand how are the apical surfaces curving. We went back and forth between experiments and modelling (inspired by shape programming). We found each apical surface displays different cell behaviors, generating its own in-plane strain patterns,

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

But the surprise came from the apical surfaces. They undergo shape transitions before invagination starts. Could they be driving the process?

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

Separating the basal surface of the two epithelia (NE and RPE), we saw that they change their shape at the same time!

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

We followed 3D shape changes of the forming optic cup, by tracking the basal surface

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

Many things happen at the same time: 2 epithelial layers differentiate, cells migrate, other cells flatten and others constrict their basal surface, and the lens grows in. We went through (a LOT of) negative results to try to understand which processes were triggering the onset of the invagination

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

We used the Optic Cup formation as a system. The shape transition from a flat vesicle to an hemispheric eye precursor is just mesmerizing

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

We departed from a bigger question: how 3D shape emerges in complex tissues, from the interaction of multiple cell behaviors and mechanical inputs?

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Patricia Ramos @apramos.bsky.social · 01/09/2025

Briefly, we found that OC invagination onset relies on active, collective cell behaviors, that create patterned strains at the apical surfaces. In addition, OC morphogenesis involves the cooperative reinforcement of two independent active patterns. More details bellow 👇

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