Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans...

Piccin et al. find that surprising rewards trigger brief orbitofrontal noradrenergic bursts whose magnitude predicts reversal learning speed. Targeted manipulation of noradrenergic neurons projecting ...

Previous studies indicate that rewards and punishments in reinforcement learning are encoded in a relative manner. Reference point-dependence, a valuation bias shared by eminent adaptation level and p...

Both genetic and pharmacological studies reveal an essential role for the CRF1 receptor in social behavior deficits induced by a single morphine administration in male, but not in female, mice.