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ME/CFS Science @mecfsscience.org · 14/02/2026

3) One of the major studies that came out afterwards was the Montoya study from 2017, published in PNAS. Almost 200 ME/CFS patients were tested at Stanford. TGF-β was also elevated compared to controls. Link: www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/...

pnas.org

PNAS

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans...

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ME/CFS Science @mecfsscience.org · 14/02/2026

4) But there was a paradox in this study. TGF-β was increased but didn't correlate with ME/CFS severity. Some inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-gamma did correlate with ME/CFS severity but levels were similar to controls.

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Tom Parsons @tomparsons.bsky.social · 14/02/2026

Can I ask how it's possible for IFNG to correlate with severity but be at similar levels to controls?

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ME/CFS Science @mecfsscience.org · 14/02/2026

5) Another major study was done by Mady Hornig and colleagues at Columbia, published in 2015. It had a large sample size: 298 patients and 348 controls. Here, patients often had lower levels of circulating cytokines. Link: www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...

science.org

Distinct plasma immune signatures in ME/CFS are present early in the course of illness

Cytokine alterations are more strongly correlated with illness duration than with measures of illness severity.

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