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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 24/12/2024

Danielle was identified as Tropical Storm Danielle on Sept. 1st. It became a hurricane the next day. It sustained itself for a few days thanks to abnormally warm waters and light shear, alternating between tropical storm and cat. 1. On Sept. 8, it finally transitioned into an extra-tropical cyclone.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 24/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 24/24: Danielle 2022. 🌀 Last of our series is Danielle 2022! Another subtropical storm, which caused flooding and landslides in Portugal.

By NASA/NOAA-20 - https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=122659414

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 20/12/2024

After an eyewall replacement cycle, it re-intensified to reach cat. 5 on Sept. 29th, becoming the easternmost cat. 5 Atlantic hurricane. At this stage, it was moving poleward, and starting recurvating towards Europe.

Lorenzo at peak intensity

By NASA - https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=82665868

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 20/12/2024

Back to tropical wave hurricanes, Lorenzo formed from an African Easterly wave right off the coast on Sept . 22nd. Evolving in very favourable conditions, the system quickly organised and intensified until it reached first time category 4 on Sept. 27th.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 20/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 20/24: Lorenzo 2019. 🌀 Lorenzo was a category 5 major hurricane over the open Atlantic Ocean, that reached Ireland after having substantially weakened.

By EOSDIS Worldview — Terra/MODIS - EOSDIS Worldview, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=82793891

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 19/12/2024

Leslie, like Ophelia (2017) was a subtropical storm that underwent tropical transition. It had a very erratic path and went through two cycles of intensification, during which it reached cat. 1. After completing two loops, the cyclone went straight to the Iberian peninsula.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 19/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 19/24: Leslie 2018. 🌀 Leslie was a rather unusual subtropical storm that nearly hit Portugal with tropical characteristics. It made 2 direct and 15 indirect victims.

By NASA - https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73593118

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 18/12/2024

It reached it peak intensity, cat. 3, on Octber 14th, while at ~35°N, and 27.7°W, becoming the farthest east a cat. 3 hurricane was observed in the satellite era. At this peak maximum winds attained 185 km/h, and minimum pressure 959 hPa.

Ophelia at peak intensity

By National Aeronautics and Space Administration, LANCE/EOSDIS Rapid Response, captured on Suomi NPP satellite - https://lance.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/imagery/single.cgi?image=Ophelia.A2017287.1454.375m.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63381519

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 18/12/2024

Recording by the NHC started Oct. 7th. The storm gained in intensity and developped more and more tropical characteristics, until it was classified as a hurricane on October 11th. It then intensified, reaching cat. 2 on Oct. 12th.

Hurricane Ophelia near its initial peak intensity on 12 October

By National Aeronautics and Space Administration, LANCE/EOSDIS Rapid Response, captured on Suomi NPP satellite - https://lance-modis.eosdis.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/imagery/single.cgi?image=Ophelia.A2017285.1530.375m.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63349566

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 18/12/2024

Ophelia is the first case in our list that does not form from a tropical wave in the deep tropics, but rather as a subtropical cyclone undergoing tropical transition (the process through which an extra-tropical cyclone can become a tropical cyclone given the right conditions).

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 18/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 18/24: Ophelia 2017. 🌀 Now for the celebrity of the show: Hurricane Ophelia. Ophelia hit Ireland and the UK with extremely powerful winds, causing 3 deaths. It became a benchmark storm for the field and is now subject of case studies.

By NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) - https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/ex-hurricane-ophelia-batters-coast-ireland-oct-16th, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63495813

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 15/12/2024

Cependant, les données de réanalyses concordent pour dire que Henri a continué son chemin jusqu'en Europe. Sa transition a probablement eu lieu peu de temps après que le NHC ait cessé de l'enregistrer alors qu'il intégrait la circulation de moyenne latitude.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 15/12/2024

La trajectoire officiel d'Henri ne dure que 3 jours. Nommé le 9 Septembre, la tempête atteint une pression minimale de 1003hPa et avec des vents à 80km/h et cesse d'être enregistrée le 11 September.

By 2003 LN6 - Created by 2003 LN6 using Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Tracks. The background image is from NASA. Tracking data is from the National Hurricane Center[1]., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145786939

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 15/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 15/24: Henri 2015. 🌀 La tempête tropicale Henri de 2015, bien que inoffensive pendant sa phase tropicale, fit des dégâts en France et en Allemagne, et 3 victimes.

By The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - EOSDIS Worldview (https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92960348

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 14/12/2024

It completed its transition at 50°N on October 19th. While the official track stops soon after, it is possible to reconstitute the track further using reanalyses. These tracks show the storm moving towards the British Isles, and crossing Europe until Greece.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 14/12/2024

Gonzalo was named on Oct. 12 after forming from a tropical wave. It moved northwestward while intensifying rapidly, and had impact in the Antilles. It reached its peak intensity, cat. 4, on Oct. 16th while recurvating. It then tracked northeastward.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 14/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 14/24: Gonzalo 2014. 🌀 In 2014, Gonzalo managed to cross the entire Europe, from the UK to Greece. Unfortunately, it made three victims along the way.

By NRLMRY - https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/archdat/test/kml/TC/2014/ATL/08L/visir/20141016.1215.GOES13.vis.08L.GONZALO.ATL.png, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68631253

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 13/12/2024

Katia was named on Aug. 30th after emerging from an Easterly Waves. It moved northwest and intensified into a category 4 major hurricane on Sept. 6th. The increased surf caused the death of two persons in the US.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 13/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 13/24: Katia 2011. 🌀 Katia was a powerful post-tropical cyclone that had impact in Northern UK, and made two victims.

By National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), data superimposed by CooperScience - https://www.avl.class.noaa.gov/saa/products/welcome, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71743264

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 12/12/2024

In Spain, wind gusts reached 183km/h, with 7m waves and up to 65.5mm of precipitation. The storm left 100,000 prople without power. Five persons were injured by flying debris and a fallen tree.

By Pecepe - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9271863

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 12/12/2024

Gordon was named on Sept. 11th. It intensified quickly to become cat. 3 by Sept 14th. It weakened while moving Northeastward, re-intensified temporarily, and was weakening as it moved towards Portugal. It completed extra-tropical transition on Sept 21, only 450km off the coast of Portugal.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 12/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 12/24: Gordon 2006. 🌀 Gordon was a powerful storm that affected strongly both the Iberian peninsula and the British Isles, cutting power to more than 200,000 people.

By Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-115 crew member - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/multimedia/sts115/fd9/gordon_atlantis.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1203536

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 11/12/2024

Maria had a typical lifecycle in the tropics: It formed from a tropical wave that exited Africa on Aug. 27th. It became a tropical depression on Sept. 1st, a tropical storm the next day, and a hurricane on Sept. 4th. It reached its peak intensity (cat. 3) on Sept 5th, then weakened.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 11/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 11/24: Maria 2005. 🌀 We are moving North with Maria, which impacted Iceland and Scandinavia. It made 3 victims in Norway.

By National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), data superimposed by CooperScience - https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68589582

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 10/12/2024

Nearly 11,000 died, mostly from flooding and mudlsides, mostly in Honduras and Nacaragua. Total damage amounted to $5 billion 1998 USD.

By United States Geological Survey - http://mitchnts1.cr.usgs.gov/publications/edcmitch.buscouncil.ppt, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=686984

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 10/12/2024

The storm started to weaken before making landfall, and reached Honduras as a cat. 2. At this stage, extensive evacuations had been ordered in central America. Yet, due to the stalling from Honduras to Mexico, some areas received up to 900mm of rain, and it was extremely deadly.

By NOAA - 25 Years Later: Looking Back at the October Monster Named Mitch, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=149202734

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 10/12/2024

Mitch formed from an African Easterly Waves and became a hurricane on October 24th. Due to extremely favourable conditions, it intensified very rapidly into a category 5 hurricane the next day. At peak intensity, it had winds of 290 km/h and a minimum pressure of 905hPa.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 10/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 🔟/24: Mitch 1998. 🌀 Hurricane Mitch was the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane on reacord, with 11,374 fatalities. However, I am mentionning it here because it also impacted the British Isles (although with no victim there)

By The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - NOAA CLASS (https://www.bou.class.noaa.gov/saa/products/welcome), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=97295574

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 09/12/2024

Despite crossing Cuba, the cyclone did not weaken and continued to move northeastwards. It brushed the Bahamas and soon reached its peak cat. 3 intensity on October 19th (the sixth major hurricane of that season!).

By National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), data superimposed by CooperScience - https://www.bou.class.noaa.gov/saa/products/welcome, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71753060

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 09/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 9️⃣/24: Lili 1996. 🌀 In the end of October 1996; ex-hurricane Lili hit the British Isles, bringing wind gusts up to 148 km/h (92 mph, about the order of magnitude of Darragh this week-end). Six person died in the UK.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 08/12/2024

Après cela, la tempête part vers le Nord, avec une trajectoire toujours difficile à prévoir à cause de l'interation entre plusieurs tempêtes tropicales, quand Iris redevient un ouragan, l'Atlantique a trois ouragans simultanés, phénomène rare ! Finalement, Iris atteint la catégorie 2 à son apogée.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 08/12/2024

Iris est nommée le 22 Août. Elle atteint rapidement de stade l'ouragan de catégoie 1, mais son intensité diminue alors qu'elle approche des Antilles. A cause de l'interaction avec un autre ouragan, son évolution est très difficile à prévoir alors qu'elle menace les îles.

Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34092755

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 08/12/2024

📆 Calendrier de l'avent des ex-ouragans 8️⃣/24: Iris 1995. 🌀 Si Iris a atteint la France métropolitaine à la fin de son parcours, c'est en outre-mer qu'elle a fait l'intégralité de ses victimes, au nombre de 5.

By NASA, NOAA - Satellite data from NOAA CLASSBlue Marble background data from EOSDIS Worldview, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=67409973

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 07/12/2024

Bien qu'ayant émergé d'une onde d'Est, Floyd n'est reporté qu'à partir du 7 Septembre alors qu'il est déjà à 25°N. Il atteint l'intensité d'un ouragan le 9 Septembre, ayant encore des caractéristiques tropicales, et alors qu'il se déplace rapidement à travers l'Océan.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 07/12/2024

📆 Calendrier de l'avent des ex-ouragans 7️⃣/24: Floyd 1993. 🌀 L'ex-ouragan Floyd a frappé la France et le Royaume-Uni le 13 Septembre 1993, avec des rafales jusqu'au 127 km/h, mais aucune victime.

By National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), data superimposed by CooperScience - https://www.class.ngdc.noaa.gov/saa/products/welcome, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68714754

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 06/12/2024

The storm then steered north-eastward, underwent extra-tropical transition around 60°W, and crossed the Atlantic. It made landfall in the British Isles, and finally dissipated over Denmark.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 06/12/2024

It was only briefly a cat. 1 hurricane, for about one day. However, this is the day it made tangential landfall in North Carolina.

By The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - https://www.bou.class.noaa.gov/saa/products/welcome, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87096364

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 06/12/2024

Operationnally, Charley was declared as a "sub-tropical disturbance" in the Florida Big Bend on Aug. 13th. However, using reanalyses, we can trace the perturbation back to the African coast.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 06/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 6️⃣/24: Charley 1986. 🌀 Charley was another deadly ex-hurricane that hit the British Isles, resulting in at least 11 deaths.

By NOAA - http://www.sat.dundee.ac.uk/abin/piccygridhtml/avhrr/1986/8/26/1347+9/ch1.jpg & http://www.sat.dundee.ac.uk/abin/browse/avhrr/1986/8/26/1347 (registration needed), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12092991

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 05/12/2024

Formé à partir d'une onde africaine d'Est, l'ouragan Chloé a eu un cycle de vie relativement classique, atteignant la catégorie 2 d'après les observations disponibles, et se recourbant au milieu de l'Atlantique.

By ESSA, forerunner to NOAA - Mariners Weather Log, November 1967, pg. 223, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36912771

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 05/12/2024

📆 Calendrier de l'avent des ex-ouragans 5️⃣/24: Chloe 1967. 🌀 (Today's one will be in French because it hit France) L'ouragan Chloe de 1967 est probablement l'ouragan qui a approché la France de plus près.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 04/12/2024

Although previous versions of HURDAT had Faith remaining a tropical cyclones as far north as the Faroe Islands, the Atlantic Hurricane Reanalysis project re-estimated the transition to have occured on Sept. 4th, around 40°N.

By National Hurricane Center - http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1966.pdf, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24887087

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 04/12/2024

Faith formed on Aug. 21st off the coast of Africa and moved towards the Antilles, reaching them as a cat. 2 hurricanes. On Aug. 29th, Faith reached its maximum cat. 3 intensity, then started recurvating towards Europe.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 04/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 4️⃣/24: Faith 1966. 🌀 Faith was a cat. 3 hurricane that reached Northern Europe and made 5 casualties, of which 4 in Europe, despite not making landfall before it was an extra-tropical remnant.

By NASA - http://www.earth.nasa.gov/history/essa/essa2.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=364139

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 03/12/2024

Economic damages were estimated around $40-50 million dollars of the time. Most houses suffered damages, and some building were completely flattened. About 8000ha of crops were destroyed. Extensive damages to woodlands were reported, with un to 24% of trees fallen in some areas.

(a, top left) Destroyed community hall in Moira (Co. Tyrone) – from the Belfast Telegraph; (b, top right) Complete destruction of a lumber and masonry showroom at Ballyshannon (Co. Sligo) from The Sligo Champion; (c, bottom left) One of thirty trees felled in Tralee Town Park, from The Kerryman; (d, bottom right) A large tree which destroyed the roof of a house, from The Ulster Herald.

(Source: https://www.irishnewsarchive.com/ and http://britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/ and reproduced under fair usage policy for non-commercial reproduction.)

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 03/12/2024

As early as Sept. 13th, warnings were issued that a hurricane-force storm might reach Ireland, which is notable given NWP capacities at the time. On Sept. 16th, Debbie swept across Ireland, with the greatest winds and damages recorded in rural areas on the western side of the Island.

ocation of weather stations (black, large font), place names (small, italic black font) and county names (green, small caps), as mentioned in the text. The approximate extent of the swathe of strongest winds, as originally noted by Cruickshank et al. (1962) and Woodley (1962), is denoted in pink (open-source base image by John Sweeney, amended by Edward Graham).

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 03/12/2024

Debbie was thought to have reached cat. 3, but the most recent reanalysis estimate its maximum tropical intensity to cat., with winds reaching 140 km/h.

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 03/12/2024

Hurricane Debbie formed on Sept. 5th from an African Easterly Wave. On Sept. 6th, Debbie caused a plane crash that killed 60 persons on board. After that, its status is very uncertain due to very sparse data. These were the very early days of satellites, and only four pictures of Debbie were taken.

By TIROS III - http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/091/mwr-091-02-0061.pdf, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23519237

By United States Weather Bureau - Mariners Weather Log, September 1962, pg. 162, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37227795

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 03/12/2024

📆 Ex-hurricanes advent calendar day 3️⃣/24: Debbie 1961. 🌀 Debbie is probably the cyclone we will study that made the most victims in Europe (18). In fact, Debbie is the "benchmark storm" for Ireland and "remains the most severe storm to have affected Ireland in modern memory" (Graham & Smart, 2021)

By United States Weather Bureau - Mariners Weather Log, November 1961, pg. 191, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31006560

NOAA North Atlantic analysis chart for 1200 utc on 16 September 1961

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Stella Bourdin @stella-bourdin.bsky.social · 02/12/2024

The cyclone travelled a long way, during 21 days as a hurricane and 26 days in total. It dissipated over Ireland on Sept. 25, causing "tremendous waves on the coast and floods over parts of the Isles", with winds reaching 50mph=80km/h. Three persons were reported dead in the British Isles.

Newspaper extract.
https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=R581AAAAIBAJ&sjid=4qsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3106,7291209&dq=carrie+britain&hl=en

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