The mechanical microenvironment plays a critical role in regulating brain development, injury repair, and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Despite extensive research on extracellular mat...

Although significant advancements have been made in understanding the physics of cytoskeletal substructures, the research on structural interactions and cross-talk between actin filaments, microtubule...

Reliable battery operation in sub-zero environments is critical for polar exploration, military missions, and space applications. However, conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) face inherent limit...

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine honors the discovery of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the Foxp3 gene as the key regulator of peripheral immune tolerance, preventing autoimmunity by sup...

An advanced super-resolution reconstruction method for turbulent flows should be efficient, avoiding reliance on high-resolution data; reliable, strictly adhering to physical laws; and accurate, effec...

Stimuli-responsive shape-changing hydrogels are the most competitive candidates for artificial muscles, electronic skins, and soft robotics. However, existing actuating hydrogels often suffer a trade-...

Phase engineering has proved effective in enhancing electrocatalytic performance by precisely controlling crystal structures. While significant efforts have been dedicated to phase regulation of activ...

High-density organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) arrays are essential for neuromorphic computing and bioelectronic interfaces, but progress has been limited by the low resolution of electrolyte ...

As intelligent electronics become increasingly integrated into daily life, health care, virtual interaction, and assistive systems, human–machine interfaces (HMIs) require sensing platforms that are n...

The genome organization of 4218 prokaryotic representative genomes was analyzed, contributing to a novel mechanistic framework centered around the variation in GC-content. The variation in GC-content...

H2S gas in oral exhalation is a critical biomarker for early periodontitis diagnosis, yet practical on-site detection via portable sensors remains challenging. Herein, we report a room-temperature H2S...

Superhydrophobic wearable strain sensors represent an emerging frontier in flexible electronics, offering the potential to bridge the gap between laboratory prototypes and practical applications in humid, corrosive, or underwater environments. However, their widespread adoption is hindered by insufficient robustness against chemical, mechanical, and wetting state failures. The current literature lacks systematic insights into coupled multimode failures and integrated optimization frameworks, and standardized protocols for robustness evaluation remain absent. This review systematically summarizes strategies for material selection, structural design, and functional integration in superhydrophobic systems, with a focus on analyzing failure mechanisms across chemical, mechanical, and interfacial state dimensions. Key quantitative benchmarks—including resistance drift, contact angle retention, and cyclic stability—are established. We introduce a “failure-mechanism-oriented robustness optimization” framework and summarize corresponding testing standards. Finally, we discuss key future challenges and potential breakthroughs, most urgently the development of eco-friendly low-surface-energy modifiers and unified testing protocols, providing a theoretical framework and technological roadmap for the next generation of robust amphibious flexible sensing systems.

Long-tailed learning aims to enhance the generalization performance of underrepresented tail classes. However, previous methods have largely overlooked the prevalence of noisy labels in training data. In this paper, we address the challenge of noisy labels in long-tailed learning. We identify a critical issue: the commonly used small-loss noisy label detection criterion fails to perform effectively in long-tailed class distributions. This failure arises from the inherent bias of deep neural networks, which tend to misclassify tail class examples as head classes, leading to unreliable loss calculations. To mitigate this, we propose a novel small-distance criterion that leverages the robustness of learned representations, enabling more accurate identification of correctly-labeled examples across both head and tail classes. Additionally, to improve training for tail classes, we replace discrete pseudo-labels with label distributions for examples flagged as noisy, resulting in significant performance gains. Based on these contributions, we introduce the robust long-tail learning framework, designed to train models that are resilient to both class imbalance and noisy labels. Extensive experiments on benchmark and real-world datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms previous methods, offering substantial performance improvements. Our source code is available at the website of github.com/Stomach-ache/RoLT

Observing winter processes during the extended cold season is crucial not only for understanding polar and global coupled Earth system but also for enhancing capability of year-round prediction, especially in the context of Arctic amplification and the drastic decrease in sea ice extent and thickness at both poles. However, harsh environmental conditions and logistical challenges have left polar winter Earth system processes substantially under-observed compared with those during summer. This disparity creates major obstacles for studying these processes and their roles in shaping the state and variability of the Earth systems, as well as for accurately simulating them in Earth System Models (ESMs). Consequently, these limitations introduce considerable uncertainties in ESMs regarding the understanding, prediction, and projection of Earth system variability and changes. This study discusses key polar winter processes and evaluates critical knowledge gaps. It identifies three urgent research priorities for the near future: (i) sources, properties, and transport of polar winter aerosols and their interactions with clouds; (ii) polar storms and their interactions with the underlying sea ice and ocean; and (iii) persistent discrepancies in understanding and predicting large-scale teleconnections between polar regions and lower latitudes. To address these priorities, this perspective recommends strengthening coordinated, winter-focused, international and multidisciplinary observational efforts, for example, through initiatives such as the Fifth International Polar Year and the ongoing international Antarctica InSync programme. These initiatives would lay groundwork for designing future sustainable winter process observations.

Hydrogel electrolytes are pivotal for flexible zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) yet suffer from an intrinsic trade-off between mechanical robustness and ionic conductivity. Herein, drawing inspiration from the “adhesion-conduction” architecture of spider webs, we developed a hierarchical hydrogel electrolyte (MTP) by incorporating tannic acid (TA)-modified MXene nanosheets (MT) into a polyacrylamide (PAM) skeleton to construct uniform 3D ion-conductive pathways. This bioinspired hierarchy serves a dual function: The PAM framework ensures mechanical integrity, while the MT network creates directed low-resistance channels for Zn2+ transport. Specifically, the dense array of polar groups on MXene and phenolic hydroxyls on TA act as “sticky sites”, which accelerate desolvation kinetics and homogenize Zn2+ flux. Consequently, the MTP electrolyte achieves an impressive ionic conductivity of 27.69 mS cm−1 and a high Zn2+ transference number of 0.833. Enabled by this design, Zn//Zn symmetric cells demonstrate an ultralong lifespan of 4600 h (> 6 months) at 0.5 mA cm−2/0.5 mAh cm−2. Furthermore, Zn//Z-VO full cells exhibit outstanding cyclability, retaining 74.5% capacity after 2000 cycles at 2 A g−1 and maintaining durable operation for over 10,000 cycles at 5 A g−1. This work successfully translates a biological blueprint into a practical strategy for resolving the kinetic and stability challenges in high-performance flexible ZIBs.