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Engineered extracellular vesicles as a next-generation vaccine platform
EV vaccines can be engineered to be loaded with antigenic proteins and antigen-encoding RNAs by genetic engineering of parental cells or direct engineering of EVs. Due to possessing many of the key immunostimulatory properties of donor cells, EVs are capable of activating immune responses for vaccination against infectious diseases and cancers by direct antigen-presentation, semi-direct antigen-presentation, and indirect antigen-presentation pathways.
