Every day, we face new situations with surprising ease: from understanding a rule that has just been explained to reacting appropriately to an unfamiliar sign. But how does the brain manage to turn a ...

Health sciences

Animal research has shown that repeatedly performing a rewarded action leads to its transition into a habit—an inflexible response controlled by stimulus–response associations. Efforts to reproduce th...

A practical introduction

Human performance is endowed by neural representations of information that is relevant for behavior, some of which are also activated in a preparatory fashion to optimize later execution. Most studies...