The paper uses basic theories of Marx on social structure and Malthus on demography to explain many features of Arabia in terms of the arid environment. The focus is on traditional Arabia, but it is…

Sheilagh Ogilvie - Controlling Contagion: Epidemics and Institutions from the Black Death to Covid

We draw lessons from three centuries of economic warfare and sanctions. Establishing cause and effect is difficult because much else was typically changing during periods of conflict. Unintended conse

How human institutions—markets, states, communities, religions, guilds and families—have helped both to control and to exacerbate epidemics throughout history.

Those coming from Black middle class backgrounds in South Africa and Kenya were prevented from owning many types of assets under colonial rule and Apartheid. How have these groups come to share in …