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James Lind Library

@jameslindlibrary.bsky.social
45 followers 41 following 253 posts

Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments in health care through history.

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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 06/10/2026
The PROSPER trial featured in the report of the Lancet Global Eye Health Commission in 2021, with the associated Lancet website (www.thelancet.com/commissions/global-eye-health) showing a picture of a tea worker in India, in direct reference to the trial. 8/8
thelancet.com
Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020
Eye health and vision have widespread and profound implications for many aspects of life, health, sustainable development, and the economy. Yet many people, families, and populations continue to suffe...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 06/10/2026
This relative productivity increase was as large or larger than that reported by any other health intervention trial in a low or middle income country. It was achieved at a total delivery cost of just US$ 10.20 per participant. 7/8 #LMIC
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 06/10/2026
There was a significantly greater increase in mean productivity in the intervention group compared to the control group. This was a difference of >5 kg/day or 22% more tea picked daily on average. The effect was even greater (>30%) among workers over 50 years of age. 6/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 06/10/2026
To keep the PROSPER trial simple and pragmatic, it used routinely collected data on the weight of tea picked by each participant to assess the effect of giving them glasses. 5/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 06/10/2026
The workers were randomly allocated to receive free glasses to correct their vision immediately or to form a control group who received glasses after the 11-week evaluation period. www.thelancet.com/journals/lan... 4/8
thelancet.com
Effect of providing near glasses on productivity among rural Indian tea workers with presbyopia (PROSPER): a randomised trial
A substantial productivity increase was achieved in this rural cohort by providing glasses to correct presbyopia, with little cost and high intervention uptake.
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 06/10/2026
The trial was done in collaboration with three leading global eye health NGOs: Orbis International, Clearly and VisionSpring. It studied providing glasses to correct presbyopia among 751 tea workers recruited in Assam (India) during July 2017. 3/8 @OrbisIntl @VisionSpring @ClearlyWorld
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 06/10/2026
PROSPER (PROductivity Study of Presbyopia Elimination in Rural-dwellers) was the first trial of vision improvement and work productivity in presbyopia, the age-related decline in near vision. It drew the headline “Wear glasses. Earn more” in @TheEconomist economist.com/science-and-... 2/8
economist.com
Wear glasses. Earn more
A trial shows how much spectacles can increase productivity
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 06/10/2026
#TrialsTuesday 11 In the week of World Sight Day (www.iapb.world/world_sight_...), this month’s #TrialsTuesday is a randomised trial showing the benefits of providing free glasses to tea pickers in India with poor vision. The trial was called PROSPER. 1/8
iapb.world
World Sight Day
On World Sight Day, we cast a spotlight on the importance of eye care and encourage everyone to #LoveYourEyes. Join us on Thursday, 8 October 2026, and be part of focusing the worlds’ attention on eye...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 25/09/2026
It passed the milestone (or millstone?) of 500,000 registrations this month and you can read more about its place in the history of systematic reviews in in the article Mike Clarke wrote for me 👇 www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/his...
jameslindlibrary.org
History of evidence synthesis to assess treatment effects: personal reflections on something that is very much alive. - The James Lind Library
Setting the scene It’s a challenge to give an account of the “history” of something that I have been a part of in recent decades. If I write about something ...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 25/09/2026
1/2 PROSPERO, as a prospective register for systematic reviews, is one of the most important developments in the history of systematic reviews. It was launched in 2011 and 1,000 reviews were registered in the first year. That many are now registered every 3 days... www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/
crd.york.ac.uk
PROSPERO
PROSPERO
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 23/09/2026
Learn about the history of tools to assess risk of bias in randomised trials in my new article 👇from Rafael Pacheco and Rachel Riera in Sao Paolo, Brazil www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/a-h... #RiskOfBias #SaoPaolo #Brazil #RCT #EBHC #EBM #EvidenceSynthsis #MedHist #HistoryOfMedicine
jameslindlibrary.org
A Historical Review of Risk of Bias Assessment Tools for Randomized Controlled Trials - The James Lind Library
The validity of conclusions drawn from systematic reviews depends fundamentally on the reliability of the results from the studies they synthesize. Over more than six decades, instruments for assessin...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 21/09/2026
Ahoy! Ways to recruit people to randomised trials can themselves be tested in randomised trials. A newly updated Cochrane Review looks back at the evidence from 91 studies with more than 175,000 participants, which tested 65 recruitment strategies. www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10....
cochranelibrary.com
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 17/08/2026
How very dare you! * checks notes * Errr, as you were. However I did conduct (and report) one of the earliest controlled trials. Hardly my fault the world wasn't ready for empiricism. 😜 www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/jam...
jameslindlibrary.org
James Lind and scurvy: 1747 to 1795. - The James Lind Library
Lind’s Treatise of the Scurvy (Lind 1753) is a good illustration of the basis for mid-18th century judgement and decision-making in at least two respects: it quotes the contributions of ...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 11/08/2026
Thanks for this Ahoy! to Christian Gluud's article on Povl Heiberg, illustrating the development of fair tests of treatment through history.
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 03/08/2026
Ahoy. A key part of the history of systematic reviews, the original Cochrane Handbook, is now available online in the James Lind Library. www.jameslindlibrary.org/oxman-a-1994/ #MedHist #HistoryOfMedicine #Cochrane #SystematicReviews #EvidenceSynthesis
jameslindlibrary.org
Oxman A (1994). - The James Lind Library
The original version of what became the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, which was originally published as Section VI of the Cochrane Toolkit.
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 30/07/2026
My latest blog highlights an important trial from the mid 1950s showing the benefits of reducing heat loss in preterm babies, and illustrating how a hand-drawn graph 👇was used to plot the accumulating evidence and decide to stop the trial www.jameslindlibrary.org/blogs/landma... #TrialsTuesday
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 29/07/2026
Test your knowledge of the reasons that treatment uncertainties should be addressed by taking my short quiz 👇 www.jameslindlibrary.org/blogs/test-y... #MedHist #HistoryOfMedicine #Quiz #EBM #EBHC
jameslindlibrary.org
Why treatment uncertainties should be addressed - The James Lind Library
James Lind Library quiz 1.1 - Why treatment uncertainties should be addressed, including audio version of the essay.
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
Silverman wrote about his trials for newborns in a James Lind Library commentary 👇a year before he died, aged 87 in 2004. Later, in recognition of his questioning of the evidence base for many medical practices, @cochrane.org named a prize after him. 8/8 www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/per...
jameslindlibrary.org
Personal reflections on lessons learned from randomized trials involving newborn infants, 1951 to 1967. - The James Lind Library
About the author: Bill Silverman graduated from the University of California Medical School in 1942. He trained as an intern and resident in pediatrics at UC Hospital in San Francisco ...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
The conclusions of the trial over-turned a common belief that lower temperatures were better for premature babies and that trying to raise their body temperature might be harmful including increasing the risk of death. Its influence on practice was reinforced by other trials in the 1960s. 7/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
The graph of the matched-pairs analysis compared “tied” and “untied” pairs of babies and showed that the decision-line had been crossed. In “tied” pairs, both babies had survived or died. In “untied” pairs, one baby had survived and the other had died. 6/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
By February 1957, the running analysis of accumulating evidence showed the effects of temperature. 182 babies were available for the analyses, of whom 44 had died: 76 of 91 (83.5%) babies placed in a normothermic incubator had survived, compared to 62 of 91 (68.1%) in a hypothermic incubator. 5/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
A matched-pairs sequential plan was used to analyse the primary outcome: death of the baby. Babies were placed in pairs such that a baby in one temperature group was matched with another of similar weight in the other group who had been allocated to the same antibiotic regimen. 4/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
Babies under 72 hours old who were admitted to the premature nursery in the “Babies Hospital” in New York were recruited into the study, starting in March 1956. When they were five days old, all surviving babies were moved into uniform environmental conditions, at 30-31ºC. 3/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
The trial, published in Pediatrics in 1958 and led by Bill Silverman, compared babies placed in normothermic (31-32ºC) and hypothermic incubators (28-29ºC). It also tested two antibiotics, oxytetracycline and tetracycline, at two doses, leading to a factorial design with 8 intervention groups. 2/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
#TrialsTuesday #10 What temperature is best for a premature baby? This month’s Trials Tuesday answered this question 70 years ago and it continues to be cited by Cochrane Reviews when discussing the benefits of reducing heat loss in preterm babies. 1/8 www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10....
cochranelibrary.com
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 28/07/2026
On World Hepatitis Day, visit the James Lind Library to read Jon Pollock's illustratrion of the use of the factorial design in a fair test of treatments for #hepatitis in the 1940s 👇 www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/con... #WorldHepatitisDay #MedHist #HistoryOfMedicine #RCT
jameslindlibrary.org
A controlled trial using a factorial design reported in 1946. - The James Lind Library
The introduction of randomized controlled experiments in agriculture in the 1920s and 1930s sometimes involved designing studies to make more than one comparison within the same experiment. Partly bec...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 27/07/2026
On this day in 1921, Frederick Banting and Charles Best isolated #insulin at the @utoronto.ca Read about the development of this dramatically effective treatment in my article by Charilaos Stylianou and Christopher Kelnar www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/the... #MedHist #HistoryOfMedicine
jameslindlibrary.org
The introduction of successful treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin. - The James Lind Library
Introduction The introduction of insulin for treating patients with diabetes mellitus must rate as Canada’s earliest contribution to the welfare of humankind. The report by Banting and his colleagues ...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 22/07/2026
On #WorldBrainDay, the history of one of the first #Cochrane Review Groups, Stroke, shows how their reviews of fair tests have provided an evidence base for #stroke care since 1993. Read the Group's 10 & 20 year reflections 👇👇 www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/... journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 21/07/2026
On Belgium National Day (21 July), here's a randomised trial from 80 years ago in Belgium, which used coin toss to provide a fair test of penicillin for treating diphtheria among army personnel. www.jameslindlibrary.org/bolton-jh-pi... @bmj.com #BelgiumNationalDay #MedHist #HistoryOfMedicine #RCT
jameslindlibrary.org
Bolton JH, Pivawer MJ (1947) - The James Lind Library
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 17/07/2026
Want to learn about the history of systematic reviews? Watch this 51 minute video 👇, produced and edited by Lorcan Clarke, and presented by his father Mike, Co-ordinating Editor of the James Lind Library www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pys...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 09/07/2026
Please repost. We have put up a shelf for the history of PPIE in research in the James Lind Library. We need your help to find things for this shelf and then, to build and fill the book cases needed to accommodate all the content.
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 23/06/2026
In this new article by Vern Farewell, learn about the 1968 paper which reported the “Ritchie Articular Index”, a measure of joint tenderness in patients with #rheumatoid #arthritis, which became widely used in clinical trials. www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/the...
jameslindlibrary.org
The Ritchie Index Paper: Some historical background on an early effort to establish objective measures in rheumatic diseases. - The James Lind Library
Introduction A very influential paper in rheumatology is the paper by Ritchie and colleagues (Ritchie et al. 1968) which introduced what became known as the “Ritchie Articular Index” (RAI), a ...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 19/06/2026
On #Red4ResearchDay, visit my website to learn about the development of clinical trials through history www.jameslindlibrary.org
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 16/06/2026
Today is Bloomsday, marking the date of the events in James Joyce’s Ulysses, and you can learn about the doctor described as a "scientific Ulysses" in this article 👇written for me by Stefan Slater www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/the... #HistoryOfMedicine #MedHist #Thyroid #Bloomsday #Ulysses
jameslindlibrary.org
The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy. - The James Lind Library
Introduction There is a poignant before and after photolithograph of a Victorian lady in the 1878 transactions of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London (Figure 1) (Ord 1878). ...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 09/06/2026
If you’d like to learn more about the importance of ISIS-2, watch the start of Richard Peto’s talk at Evidence Live 2015 www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYIP... or read his James Lind Library article from the following year 8/8 www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/ref... #EBHC @cebmoxford.bsky.social #MedHist
youtube.com
Richard Peto - Large-scale randomised evidence: how will it inform clinical practice?
YouTube video by CEBM Oxford
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 09/06/2026
The report's subgroup analyses include what Richard Horton, @thelancet.com‬ editor, described as "the most entertaining example of inappropriate subgroup analysis", showing no benefit for #Gemini & #Libra, arising from negotiations between authors and editors. 7/8 www.thelancet.com/journals/lan...
thelancet.com
From star signs to trial guidelines
The most entertaining example of inappropriate subgroup analysis is to be found in a 1988 Lancet paper.1 Within a complex table reporting subgroup analyses of the odds of vascular death after streptok...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 09/06/2026
By 5 weeks after their randomisation, 804 (9.4%) patients among 8587 patients allocated aspirin had died from a vascular cause compared to 1016 (11.8%) in 8600 allocated placebo. The odds of dying in those 5 weeks were about a quarter lower if patients were given 160mg aspirin a day for a month. 6/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 09/06/2026
The recruited patients were randomised to aspirin, streptokinase, both or neither. This meant that half the patients got aspirin and half did not. This type of study is called a factorial trial, and Richard Doll wrote about these for me in 2003 👇 5/8 www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/con...
jameslindlibrary.org
Controlled trials testing two or more treatments simultaneously. - The James Lind Library
Introduction In 1950, when I started clinical research in gastroenterology, the treatment of gastric ulcers was far from satisfactory. The role of Helicobacter pylori had not been discovered and the ....
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 09/06/2026
More than 400 hospitals took part, recruiting 17,187 patients with a suspected MI between 5 March 1985 and 31 December 1987. Across 16 countries, there were 6213 patients in the #UK, down to 71 in #Spain. 4/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 09/06/2026
ISIS-2 was the second International Study of Infarct Survival. It shares its name with that given to the River Thames as it flows through Oxford, where the organisational home of the trial, the Radcliffe Infirmary was based. 3/8 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radclif...
en.wikipedia.org
Radcliffe Infirmary - Wikipedia
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 09/06/2026
ISIS-2 is the trial, published in 1988, that showed the life-saving benefits of aspirin for someone having a heart attack or, more technically, a myocardial infarction (or MI). 2/8 www.jameslindlibrary.org/isis-2-secon... #MyocardialInfarction #Aspirin #HeartAttack #RCT
jameslindlibrary.org
ISIS-2 (second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1988) - The James Lind Library
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 09/06/2026
#TrialsTuesday #9 Trials Tuesday has highlighted some clinical trials that were small but which nevertheless had an important impact. In contrast, this month’s trial is one that was described as “massive” by Keith Veronese in Making Medicine. It was called ISIS-2. 1/8
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 02/06/2026
Do you know Archie Cochrane's quote from the 1970s “It is surely a great criticism of our profession that we have not organised a critical summary, by speciality or subspeciality, adapted periodically, of all relevant RCTs.” Access original source here 👇 www.jameslindlibrary.org/cochrane-al-...
jameslindlibrary.org
Cochrane AL (1979) - The James Lind Library
Contribution to a book arising from a symposium by the UK Office of Health Economics in 1978 in which Archie Cochrane wrote: “It is surely a great criticism of our ...
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Reposted by James Lind Library
Trials Change Lives @trialschangelives.bsky.social · 02/06/2026
#CochraneDaily Just published! New article in James Lind Library discusses relationship between the long history of the habit of belief and the placebo effect, showing how this medieval image 👇reveals the power of the invisible @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/the...
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Reposted by James Lind Library
Douglas Badenoch @dbadenoch.bsky.social · 29/05/2026
Belief, effectiveness and the placebo effect. In the latest James Lind Library article, Racha Kirakosian and colleagues review the role of belief and expectations in the effectiveness of treatments, and trace its roots back to medieval illustration. www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/the...
Medieval image of the holy communion. Stockholm, National Library (Kungliga biblioteket), Shelf mark: A 225. Siebenhirter Hours. Page opened: Folio 158 verso. Dimensions: 240 x 170 mm. Date: 1470s. Anonymous artist known as the “Lehrbüchermeister”. Produced in Kärnten/Carinthia, Austria, for the first Grand Master of the Order of St George, Johann Siebenhirter.
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 01/06/2026
1 June is World Milk Day worldmilkday.org. A good day to learn about the controlled trials of supplementary milk for school children in Scotland and #Belfast in the 1920s, by readng this article by Jon Pollock www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/two... #WorldMilkDay #Milk #HistoryOfMedicine #MedHist
worldmilkday.org
World Milk Day – Celebrating Women Farmers
Observed annually on June 1, World Milk Day unites countries, organizations, and communities to recognize and amplify the dairy sector's impact.
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 25/05/2026
On World Thyroid Day (www.ese-hormones.org/education-an...), read my article by Stefan Slater about the discovery of thyroid replacement therapy. www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/the... #HistoryOfMedicine #MedHist #WorldThyroidDay #Thyroid @esendocrinology.bsky.social
ese-hormones.org
World Thyroid Day | ESE
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 22/05/2026
The first atlas, as a set of maps, was published on 22 May 1570 (archive.org/details/thea...), but Ben Cao Tu Jing's Atlas of Materia Medica was published 500 years earlier. Read about it here 👇 www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/com... #HistoryOfMedicine #MedHist
jameslindlibrary.org
Commentary on the Ben Cao Tu Jing (11th century). Atlas of Materia Medica. Song Dynasty (960-1279). - The James Lind Library
The Ben Cao Tu Jing (Atlas of Materia Medica) was first published in 1061 in China, during the reign of Ren Zhong, one of the emperors of the Song Dynasty ...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 20/05/2026
Today is International Clinical Trials Day, and you can learn more about me and what I achieved in this article by Iain Milne www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/who... #InternationalClinicalTrialsDay #BePartOfResearch #NIHR20 #EBHC #EBM #RCT #ICTD2026
jameslindlibrary.org
Who was James Lind, and what exactly did he achieve? - The James Lind Library
Who was James Lind? Visitors to the Edinburgh University quadrangle in Teviot Place, which used to house the Medical School, are unlikely to miss the large plaque put up in ...
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James Lind Library @jameslindlibrary.bsky.social · 20/05/2026
Richard was pivotal to establishing our new section on the history of patient and public involvement in research and will be much missed as we strive to make this something he would be proud of www.jameslindlibrary.org/blogs/patien...
jameslindlibrary.org
Patients Have Always Shaped Research. It's Time We Told That Story. - The James Lind Library
The James Lind Library announces a new section to cover Patient and Public Involvement (PPIE) and invites contributions from readers.
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