Life as we know it is based on foldable biopolymers encoded with just 4 nucleotides or 20 amino acids. Evolution of these biopolymers requires effective and fast search of both the conformational spac...

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans...

We show how to localize and quantify the functional evolutionary constraints on natural proteins. The method compares the perturbations caused by local sequence variants to the energetics of the prote...

Evolution of folded biopolymers requires effective and fast search of both the conformational space for folding and the sequence space for evolution. Molecular information theory and energy landscape theory show that the alphabet size of extant proteins and RNA is just enough to fulfill these requirements, given the constraints posed by the chemical physics of these polymers. Empirical estimations of the size of the effective sequence and conformational spaces of natural biopolymers support the theoretical predictions.