However, not all the issues observed by courtwatchers were systemic; many depended on individual conduct. The extent to which defendants and their family members are shown kindness and consideration is in the gift of individual judges, lawyers and court staff. While it may be hard for a magistrate to influence the system (e.g. whether an interpreter is correctly booked), they can and often do choose kindness.

Transform Justice's latest court observation has led to recommendations on how to better defendants' participation.

More than 2,300 hearings in various London courts were observed by volunteer 'courtwatchers' over a five-month period.

Backlog means suspects forget details of charges and alleged offences by the time they arrive at magistrates