This report presents the main outcomes of the PEER REVIEW project conducted by the Research on Research Institute (RoRI) from 2023 to 2026. It draws on the substantial literature on peer review as well as 39 in-depth interviews with experts from across the research system, including policymakers, funders, publishers, editors, researchers and others. Peer review is often seen as one of the cornerstones of the research system. At the same time, many researchers and other actors in the system have expressed deep concerns about dysfunctions of peer review. In response to this, much work has been done to assess and improve peer review in individual domains, notably within research funding, scholarly publishing, career advancement, and assessment of research units.However, by considering peer review in each domain in isolation, knowledge about peer review has remained fragmented, offering a weak basis for strengthening the organisation of peer review.In this report, we take a systemic perspective on peer review across domains. Rather than focusing on incremental process-level innovations in individual domains, we conclude there is a need for system-wide reform in peer review. We outline future pathways for such reform.

As Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is diagnosed more frequently in women, understanding the role of sex has become a key priority in AD research. However,...

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The Science of Ageing