Machine learning is reshaping the representation of complex physical processes in Earth system models, offering new avenues for parameterization, emulation, and hybrid modeling. This session focuses o...

A genome-enabled ESM built on genomic data assesses physiological acclimation and biogeochemical effects through nutrient stress.

Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterizations estimate effects of unresolved processes without modeling them directly and are often a large source of uncertainty in Earth system models (ESMs). The need to imp...

We present the GFDL-CM4X (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 4X) coupled climate model hierarchy. The primary application for CM4X is to investigate ocean and sea ice physics ...

A combination of palaeoclimate proxies and simulations shows that a common mechanism controls El Niño variation in cold and warm states, which supports expectations of more extreme El Niño occurr...

<em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</em> is an AGU oceanography journal publishing new understanding of the ocean and its processes, and their interactions with other components of the Earth s...

<em>Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems</em> is an AGU earth systems modelling journal that publishes original research articles covering models at all scales in understanding the physical Earth system.